The contrast between alveolar and velar stops with typical speech data: acoustic and articulatory analyses

Melo, Roberta Michelon; Mota, Helena Bolli; Berti, Larissa Cristina

doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20172016117

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Original Articles • CoDAS 29 (3) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20172016117 linkcopy

The contrast between alveolar and velar stops with typical speech data: acoustic and articulatory analyses

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Purpose This study used acoustic and articulatory analyses to characterize the contrast between alveolar and velar stops with typical speech data, comparing the parameters (acoustic and articulatory) of adults and children with typical speech development.

Methods The sample consisted of 20 adults and 15 children with typical speech development. The analyzed corpus was organized through five repetitions of each target-word (/’kap ə/, /‘tapə/, /‘galo/ e /‘daɾə/). These words were inserted into a carrier phrase and the participant was asked to name them spontaneously. Simultaneous audio and video data were recorded (tongue ultrasound images). The data was submitted to acoustic analyses (voice onset time; spectral peak and burst spectral moments; vowel/consonant transition and relative duration measures) and articulatory analyses (proportion of significant axes of the anterior and posterior tongue regions and description of tongue curves).

Results Acoustic and articulatory parameters were effective to indicate the contrast between alveolar and velar stops, mainly in the adult group. Both speech analyses showed statistically significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion The acoustic and articulatory parameters provided signals to characterize the phonic contrast of speech. One of the main findings in the comparison between adult and child speech was evidence of articulatory refinement/maturation even after the period of segment acquisition.

Keywords
Speech; Ultrasonography; Speech Acoustics; Adult; Child

Parameters		Adults				Children with TSD
Parameters		[k]	[t]	[g]	[d]	[k]	[t]	[g]	[d]
VOT (ms)	M	44.22	16.96	-94.56	-114.85	44.05	20.47	-98.47	-108.78
VOT (ms)	SD	12.47	5.77	31.67	32.17	19.36	12.07	36.42	49.98
Spectral Peak (Hz)	M	352.14	322.25	352.83	720.51	621.98	691.50	530.53	378.05
Spectral Peak (Hz)	SD	526.34	542.33	404.89	1196.24	908.90	1282.25	582.56	310.24
Centroid (Hz)	M	1338.77	498.12	603.72	492.64	1422.13	1058.79	827.14	687.94
Centroid (Hz)	SD	883.13	513.71	486.71	389.61	675.25	1063.28	663.85	713.53
Variance (MHz)	M	2.85	1.08	0.75	0.60	2.91	2.89	1.33	1.10
Variance (MHz)	SD	2.25	1.46	0.89	0.96	1.68	2.86	1.82	1.85
Asymmetry	M	2.95	10.04	7.22	8.60	2.48	5.88	5.34	8.09
Asymmetry	SD	1.67	7.73	3.97	4.44	1.43	6.49	3.85	5.44
Kurtosis	M	14.24	225.43	104.81	154.28	8.53	100.15	55.93	124.87
Kurtosis	SD	19.04	440.78	111.38	164.44	9.08	216.20	78.60	157.08
CV Transition (Hz)	M	1629.47	1566.42	1762.42	1594.23	1823.20	1861.53	1952.07	1939.91
CV Transition (Hz)	SD	155.06	191.78	211.38	346.02	300.04	268.26	380.56	346.02
Relative duration of stop (%)	M	74.73	89.55	86.52	92.92	72.71	86.84	86.87	90.40
Relative duration of stop (%)	SD	6.62	4.13	5.76	3.42	8.18	6.99	6.82	5.61
Relative duration of Burst (%)	M	25.27	10.40	13.48	7.08	27.29	12.80	13.29	9.58
Relative duration of Burst (%)	SD	6.62	4.19	5.76	3.42	8.21	6.88	6.85	5.64

Acoustic Parameters	Factors
Acoustic Parameters	Groups Adults X TSD		Stop Consonants		Consonant/Group Interaction
VOT	F(1.33)= 0.0774	p= 0.78	F(3.99)= 560.3611	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 0.4231	p= 0.73
Spectral Peak	F(1.33)= 1.11694	p= 0.29	F(3.99)= 0.27574	p= 0.84	F(3.99)= 3.47451	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Centroid	F(1.33)= 5.9496	p= 0.02 *	F(3.99)= 18.2265	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 1.5598	p= 0.20
Variance	F(1.33)= 5.7526	p= 0.02 *	F(3.99)= 19.4033	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 3.0979	p= 0.03 *
Asymmetry	F(1.33)= 3.9457	p= 0.05	F(3.99)= 20.9163	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 2.3849	p= 0.07
Kurtosis	F(1.33)= 2.77964	p=0.10	F(3.99)= 8.14936	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 1.19140	p= 0.31
CV Transition	F(1.33)= 18.675	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 9.074	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 3.212	p= 0.02 *
Relative duration of Stop	F(1.33)= 2.21	p= 0.14	F(3.99)= 164.18	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 1.33	p= 0.26
Relative duration of Burst	F(1.33)= 2.0113	p= 0.16	F(3.99)= 169.9732	p $\leq$ 0.01*	F(3.99)= 1.1007	p= 0.35

Acoustic Parameters	[t] × [k]	[t] × [g]	[d] × [g]	[d] × [k]
VOT	p $\leq$ 0.01*	p $\leq$ 0.01*	p $\leq$ 0.01*	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Centroid	p $\leq$ 0.01*	1.00	1.00	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Asymmetry	p $\leq$ 0.01*	0.12	0.08	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Kurtosis	p $\leq$ 0.01*	0.05	0.50	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Relative duration of Stop	p $\leq$ 0.01*	0.28	p $\leq$ 0.01*	p $\leq$ 0.01*
Relative duration of Burst	p $\leq$ 0.01*	0.12	p $\leq$ 0.01*	p $\leq$ 0.01*

Contrasts	Tongue region		p-valor
Contrasts	Anterior M(SD)	Posterior M(SD)	p-valor
[t] × [k]	0.8796(±0.07)	0.7067(±0.17)	0.003 *
[t] × [g]	0.8695(±0.06)	0.6973(±0.21)	0.003 *
[d] × [k]	0.8458(±0.08)	0.6875(±0.20)	0.011 *
[d] × [g]	0.8581 (±0.07)	0.7019 (±0.18)	0.001 *

Contrasts	Tongue region		p-valor
Contrasts	Anterior M(SD)	Posterior M(SD)	p-valor
[t] × [k]	0.7796 (±0.10)	0.6186 (±0.20)	0.023 *
[t] × [g]	0.7564 (±0.16)	0.5999 (±0.23)	0.024 *
[d] × [k]	0.7956 (±0.12)	0.7722 (±0.22)	0.735
[d] × [g]	0.7456 (±0.11)	0.6533 (±0.23)	0.149

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[1] Caption: TSD – Typical Speech Development; VOT – Voice onset time; CV – Consonant/vowel; ms – milliseconds; Hz – Hertz; MHz – megahertz; M –Mean; SD – standard deviation