Optical properties of new zirconia-based dental ceramics: literature review

Pizzolatto, G.; Borba, M.

doi:10.1590/0366-69132021673833133

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Articles • Cerâmica 67 (383) • Jul-Sep 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132021673833133 linkcopy

Optical properties of new zirconia-based dental ceramics: literature review

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The first generation of polycrystalline zirconia-based ceramic used to produce dental prosthesis showed excellent mechanical behavior; however, its low translucency limited the indication for aesthetic monolithic restorations. Thus, various strategies have been tested in order to develop a material that has high strength and good optical properties. The aim of this study was to characterize, through a literature review, the translucency of different types of zirconia-based ceramics indicated for monolithic restorations. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline database, from 2010 to 2019, using as keywords: zirconia, translucency, and optical properties. The 3^rd (monochromatic) and 4^th (multichromatic) generations of zirconia, which have high cubic phase content, showed the highest translucency among the zirconia-based ceramics investigated. Additionally, other strategies, such as the addition of lanthanum oxide and the infiltration of feldspathic glass in the zirconia surface (graded-zirconia), resulted in a good balance of optical and mechanical properties.

Keywords:
ceramics; dental prosthesis; optical properties

Material (brand)	Generation/type	Thick-ness	Optical property		Ref.
Material (brand)	Generation/type	Thick-ness	CR*	TP*	Ref.
5Y-PSZ (Prettau; Zirkonzahn)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.85	17.13	²⁰
5Y-PSZ (Prettau; Zirkonzahn)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.90	12.46
5Y-PSZ (Bruxzir, Glidewell)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.86	17.76
5Y-PSZ (Bruxzir, Glidewell)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.92	12.32
4Y-PSZ (Wieland Zenostar, Ivoclar Vivadent)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.84	18.90
4Y-PSZ (Wieland Zenostar, Ivoclar Vivadent)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.88	13.95
4Y-PSZ (Katana, Kuraray Noritake)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.84	18.23
4Y-PSZ (Katana, Kuraray Noritake)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.87	14.51
Y-FSZ (Prettau Anterior, Zirkonzahn)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.82	20.40
Y-FSZ (Prettau Anterior, Zirkonzahn)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.85	15.82
Conclusion: FSZ is relatively more translucent than PSZ; translucency of all the tested materials decreased as the thickness increased
3Y-TZP (Ceramill ZI, Amann Girrbach)	1^st	0.5 mm	0.77±0.01		¹²
3Y-TZP (Zenostar, Wieland)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.57±0.01
3Y-TZP (DD Bio ZX² hochtransluzent, Dental Direkt)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.62±0.01
3Y-TZP (InCoris TZI, Sirona)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.57±0.01
3Y-TZP (Ceramill Zolid, Amann Girrbach)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.57±0.01
Conclusion: 2^nd g. zirconia showed better optical properties, with a lower CR than the 1st g.; no correlation was found between grain size and CR
3Y-0.05Al (Zpex, Tosoh)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.55±0.02	18.9±0.9	¹³
3Y-0.25Al (TZ-3Y, Tosoh)	1^st	0.5 mm	0.61±0.01	15.9±0.3
3Y-0.10Al-0.2La	Experimental	0.5 mm	0.48±0.01	22.6±0.6
3Y-0.25Al-0.2La	Experimental	0.5 mm	0.52±0.01	20.9±0.5
5Y-0.05Al (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.36±0.03	30.1±2.3
Conclusion: decreasing the amount of alumina below 0.25 wt% prevents the formation of particles that disperse light and increases translucency; addition of La2O3 significantly improves translucency but is not as effective as adding cubic phase
Y-FSZ (Ceramill Zolid FX Multilayer, Amann Girrbach)	4^th; multichromatic	1.0 mm	0.56±0.02	19.4±0.5	²²
Y-FSZ (Prettau Anterior, Zirkonzahn)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.74±0.03	16.8±0.4
4Y-PSZ (Zenostar T, Wieland)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.76±0.03	15.9 ±0.4
Conclusion: multichromatic FSZ showed higher TP and lower CR; FSZ with a high amount of cubic phase shows greater translucency than PSZ
5Y-PSZ (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.34±0.02	32.8±1.4	¹⁷
5Y-PSZ-P (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; polished	1.0 mm	0.31±0.01	34.2 ±0. 4
5Y-PSZ-AA (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; air-abraded	1.0 mm	0.38±0.01	30.0 ±0.7
5Y-PSZ-G (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; glazed	1.0 mm	0.34±0.02	33.8±1.4
5Y-PSZ-YGI (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; glass-infiltrated (yellow)	1.0 mm	0.32±0.00	33.6 ±0. 2
5Y-PSZ-MGI (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; glass-infiltrated (mixed)	1.0 mm	0.37±0.00	29.2 ±0.1
5Y-PSZ-WGI (Zpex Smile, Tosoh)	3^rd; glass-infiltrated (white)	1.0 mm	0.38±0.00	30.1±0.1
3Y-TZP (Zpex, Tosoh)	2^nd	1.0 mm	0.48±0.00	16.3±1.0
Conclusion: glass-infiltration of 3^rd g. zirconia allowed the creation of a material with a gradient of properties; this infiltration managed to maintain the optical properties of 5Y-PSZ and to increase the mechanical properties
3Y-TZP (Aadva ST, GC Tech)	1^st	1.0 mm	0.74±0.01	36.9±0.1	²³
3Y-TZP 2 (Aadva EI, GC Tech)	2^nd	1.0 mm	0.70±0.01	38.4±0.1
5Y-PSZ (Aadva NT, GC Tech)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.62±0.01	43.4±0.1
5Y-PSZ (Katana UTML, Kuraray Noritake)	4th; multichromatic	1.0 mm	0.69±0.01	36.0±0.1
Conclusion: a greater amount of cubic phase in the composition of the zirconia makes it more translucent; although there is a significant aesthetic improvement when comparing the groups, all four materials are considered to be of medium translucency
3Y-TZP (VITA YZ-HT, Vita Zahnfabrik)	2^nd	0.5 mm	0.53	19	¹⁸
3Y-TZP (VITA YZ-HT, Vita Zahnfabrik)	2^nd	1.0 mm	0.67	16
4Y-PSZ (VITA YZ-ST, Vita Zahnfabrik)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.43	24
4Y-PSZ (VITA YZ-ST, Vita Zahnfabrik)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.41	22
5Y-PSZ (VITA YZ-XT, Vita Zahnfabrik)	3^rd	0.5 mm	0.32	28
5Y-PSZ (VITA YZ-XT, Vita Zahnfabrik)	3^rd	1.0 mm	0.30	24
LD (IPS e.max CAD LT, Ivoclar Vivadent)		0.5 mm	0.29	31
LD (IPS e.max CAD LT, Ivoclar Vivadent)		1.0 mm	0.36	26
Conclusion: differences in optical properties are related to variations in the amount of yttria, phase composition, and grain size; translucency is exponentially related to the thickness of the material; 5Y-PSZ presented optical properties comparable to LD
3Y-TZP (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	2^nd; glass-ceramic (layering-LV)	1.0 mm		9.5±0.9	²¹
3Y-TZP (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	2^nd; glass-ceramic (overpressing-OP)	1.0 mm		11.2±1.2
3Y-TZP (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	2^nd; LD (porcelain fused to zirconia)	1.0 mm		11.8±0.8
3Y-TZP (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	2^nd; glass-ceramic (cutback-CB)	1.0 mm		10.3±0.8
3Y-TZP (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	2^nd (monolithic)	1.0 mm		8.5±0.9
4Y-PSZ (IPS e.max Zircad, Ivoclar Vivadent)	3^rd (monolithic)	1.0 mm		13.0±0.9
Conclusion: different manufacturing techniques affect the optical properties of zirconia restorations; 4Y-PSZ was the most translucent; among the veneering techniques, OP showed the highest TP and CB the lowest

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[TFN1] *mean±standard deviation; FSZ: fully-stabilized zirconia; PSZ: partially-stabilized zirconia; LD: lithium disilicate glass-ceramic.