Cacao parents help their offsprings to fight witches’ broom and black pod rot infections

Santos, Elisângela dos; Pires, José Luís; Monteiro, Wilson Reis; Souza, Vanusa Rodrigues de; Rodrigues, Giselle de Souza; Luz, Edna Dora Martins Newman

doi:10.1590/1984-70332022v22n3a35

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ARTICLE • Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 22 (3) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332022v22n3a35 linkcopy

Cacao parents help their offsprings to fight witches’ broom and black pod rot infections

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Searching for new approaches to confer resistance to diseases in plants is one of the main objectives of the Cacao breeding program (CBP). Witches' broom (WB) and black pod rot (BPR) are important cacao diseases in Bahia, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance in plants from 40 progenies of genetic crosses between elite clones to natural infection by high levels of Moniliophthora perniciosa and Phytophthora spp. WB and BPR infection assessments were conducted in the field, including evaluation of vegetative brooms (VB), cushion brooms (CB), and total brooms (TB), as well as the percentage of WB-diseased (FRUWB) and BPR-diseased (FRUBPR) fruits. Ten progenies showed resistance to infection in both the canopy and fruits. No significant differences between the progenies were detected for FRUBPR.

Keywords:
Breeding; Moniliophthora perniciosa; Phytophthora spp.; resistance source; Theobroma cacao

Clone	Series / Geographic origin	Genetic group	Agronomic value
CCN10	CCN - Castro Naranjal collection, Pichilingue, Ecuador	Trinitarian	Resistance to witches’ broom, self-compatible, productivity
CCN34	CCN - Castro Naranjal collection, Pichilingue, Ecuador	Trinitarian	Resistance to witches’ broom,
CCN51	CCN - Castro Naranjal collection, Pichilingue, Ecuador	Trinitarian	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
MO20	MO - Morona, Peru	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
SCA6	SCA - Scavina, Ucayali, Peru	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom, self-compatible, productivity
TSH1188	TSH - Trinidad Selection Hibrid, Saint George, Trinidad	Trinitarian	Resistance to witches’ broom, black pod rot and ceratocystis wilt, productivity
CAB11	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Rondonia, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB94	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB148	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Acre, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB157	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB165	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB169	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CAB301	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom, productivity
CAB324	CAB - Cacao from Brazilian Amazon, Amazon, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CEPEC90	CEPEC - Cacao Research Center, Bahia, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
CSUL3	CSUL - Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil	Amazonian	Resistance to witches’ broom and black pod rot, self-compatible productivity
CSUL8	CSUL - Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom
EET397	EET - Tropical experimental station, Pichilingue, Ecuador	Trinitarian	Resistance to witches’ broom, self-compatible, productivity
P4B	P4B - Pound 4 /B, Loreto, Peru	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom and black pod rot
GU259	GU - Guiana, French	Amazonian Forastero	Resistance to witches’ broom

Vegetative Brooms
Paternal	Mean	(1) CCN10	(2) CCN34	(3) MO20	(4) SCA6	(5) TSH1188
(1) CCN10	3.74			*	*	*
(2) CCN34	3.55			*	*
(3) MO20	2.42					*
(4) SCA6	2.68					*
(5) TSH1188	3.47
Cushion Brooms
Paternal	Mean	(1) CCN10	(2) CCN34	(3) MO20	(4) SCA6	(5) TSH1188
(1) CCN10	2.91		*	*	*
(2) CCN34	3.24			*	*
(3) MO20	1.72					*
(4) SCA6	2.14					*
(5) TSH1188	3.13
Total Brooms
Paternal	Mean	(1) CCN10	(2) CCN34	(3) MO20	(4) SCA6	(5) TSH1188
(1) CCN10	6.65			*	*
(2) CCN34	6.79			*	*
(3) MO20	4.14					*
(4) SCA6	4.82					*
(5) TSH1188	6.60
Percentage of witches’ broom-diseased fruits
Paternal	Mean	(1) CCN10	(2) CCN34	(3) MO20	(4) SCA6	(5) TSH1188
(1) CCN10	17.98		*	*	*	*
(2) CCN34	16.07			*	*
(3) MO20	14.07
(4) SCA6	12.72					*
(5) TSH1188	15.60
Percentage of black pod rot-diseased fruits
Paternal	Mean	(1) CCN10	(2) CCN34	(3) MO20	(4) SCA6	(5) TSH1188
(1) CCN10	10.29		*
(2) CCN34	11.90			*	*	*
(3) MO20	9.48
(4) SCA6	10.15
(5) TSH1188	10.16

Total Brooms (VB + CB)
Maternal	Mean			1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Maternal	VB	CB	TB
(1) CAB11	5.84	5.56	11.40		*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
(2) CAB148	2.64	3.56	6.20			*	*			*	*	*	*	*		*	*
(3) CAB157	1.57	1.59	3.16				*	*	*	*		*	*		*	*	*	*	*
(4) CAB165	2.18	2.00	4.18								*	*	*			*	*	*
(5) CAB169	2.41	2.41	4.82								*	*	*	*		*	*
(6) CAB301	2.60	1.89	4.49								*	*	*	*		*	*
(7) CAB324	2.22	2.21	4.43								*	*	*	*		*	*	*
(8) CAB94	1.67	1.70	3.37									*	*		*	*	*	*	*
(9) CCN51	3.36	2.33	5.69											*	*	*	*	*	*
(10) CEPEC90	3.53	2.77	6.30											*	*	*	*	*	*
(11) CSUL3	1.75	1.10	2.85												*	*	*	*	*
(12) CSUL8	2.30	2.44	4.74													*	*	*
(13) EET397	6.82	7.10	13.92															*	*
(14) GU259	6.61	2.94	9.55															*	*
(15) MO20	2.75	1.18	3.93
(16) P4B	2.51	1.25	3.76
Percentage of witches’ broom-diseased fruits
Maternal	Mean			1	2															3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
(1) CAB11		18.87			*	*	*	*	*		*		*		*			*	*
(2) CAB148		12.08				*				*		*		*		*	*	*
(3) CAB157		14.24												*		*	*
(4) CAB165		13.09												*		*	*
(5) CAB169		12.62												*		*	*
(6) CAB301		14.39												*		*	*
(7) CAB324		15.19												*		*	*
(8) CAB94		13.28												*		*	*
(9) CCN51		15.94															*
(10) CEPEC90		13.76												*		*	*
(11) CSUL3		19.73													*			*	*
(12) CSUL8		12.51														*	*
(13) EET397		18.55																*	*
(14) GU259		21.53																*	*
(15) MO20		14.72
(16) P4B		14.09
Percentage of black pod rot-diseased fruits
Maternal	Mean			1	2															3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
(1) CAB11		10.20										*
(2) CAB148		9.30									*	*		*		*	*
(3) CAB157		9.78									*	*				*	*
(4) CAB165		8.57									*	*		*		*	*
(5) CAB169		8.35									*	*		*		*	*
(6) CAB301		10.07										*
(7) CAB324		8.73									*	*		*		*	*
(8) CAB94		11.72											*		*
(9) CCN51		14.63											*		*			*	*
(10) CEPEC90		8.83												*		*	*
(11) CSUL3		11.65													*
(12) CSUL8		8.37														*	*
(13) EET397		12.32
(14) GU259		13.22
(15) MO20		10.35
(16) P4B		10.25

Cross			Number of brooms						%		%
Cross			VB		CB		TB		FRUWB		FRUBPR
TSH1188	×	EET397	7.13	a	8.83	a	15.96	a	20.41	a	13.36	a
CCN10	×	EET397	7.37	a	6.33	c	13.70	a	20.15	a	11.31	a
CCN10	×	CAB11	6.40	a	5.84	c	12.24	c	21.56	a	10.12	a
TSH1188	×	GU259	6.91	a	3.44	c	10.35	c	21.84	a	12.99	a
CCN34	×	CAB148	3.54	c	4.63	c	8.17	c	18.02	a	13.51	a
CCN10	×	CEPEC90	4.97	c	3.15	c	8.12	c	18.98	a	9.83	a
TSH1188	×	CAB148	3.02	c	4.43	c	7.45	c	9.58	b	8.03	a
CCN34	×	CAB169	3.23	c	4.21	c	7.44	c	14.99	b	9.74	a
CCN34	×	CEPEC90	3.81	c	3.53	c	7.34	c	15.88	b	9.97	a
CCN10	×	CSUL8	3.06	c	3.44	c	6.50	c	15.73	b	8.31	a
CCN10	×	MO20	4.03	c	2.10	c	6.13	c	21.28	a	11.93	a
TSH1188	×	CAB324	2.77	c	3.26	c	6.03	c	12.16	b	8.12	a
CCN10	×	CAB148	2.46	c	3.46	c	5.92	c	11.76	b	8.59	a
CCN10	×	CAB165	2.83	c	2.95	c	5.78	c	12.10	b	8.58	a
CCN10	×	CAB301	3.08	c	2.36	b	5.44	c	17.09	a	11.14	a
TSH1188	×	CAB301	2.97	c	2.22	b	5.19	c	14.72	b	8.83	a
CCN10	×	CAB169	2.88	c	2.17	b	5.05	c	14.66	b	7.78	a
CCN34	×	P4B	3.18	c	1.62	b	4.80	c	14.27	b	12.54	a
CCN34	×	CAB324	2.31	b	2.43	b	4.74	c	14.83	b	9.62	a
CCN34	×	CSUL8	2.45	c	2.24	b	4.69	c	12.56	b	9.83	a
CCN10	×	P4B	2.90	c	1.71	b	4.61	c	14.29	b	8.82	a
TSH1188	×	P4B	2.73	c	1.77	b	4.50	c	17.26	a	10.64	a
TSH1188	×	CAB165	2.40	c	1.99	b	4.39	c	16.02	b	8.28	a
TSH1188	×	MO20	2.98	c	1.41	b	4.39	c	11.96	b	9.25	a
MO20	×	CAB148	2.08	b	2.25	b	4.33	b	12.78	b	8.36	a
CCN34	×	CAB157	1.89	b	2.32	b	4.21	b	14.71	b	12.16	a
CCN10	×	CAB94	2.04	b	2.16	b	4.20	b	13.37	b	8.86	a
TSH1188	×	CAB157	1.99	b	2.08	b	4.07	b	16.88	c	10.06	a
MO20	×	CCN51	2.61	c	1.42	b	4.03	b	14.75	b	13.71	a
CCN34	×	MO20	2.54	c	1.50	b	4.04	b	15.40	b	11.29	a
CCN34	×	CSUL3	2.32	b	1.72	b	4.04	b	17.63	a	11.57	a
MO20	×	CEPEC90	2.08	b	1.66	b	3.74	b	9.42	b	7.36	a
CCN10	×	CSUL3	2.16	b	1.36	b	3.52	b	24.80	a	12.89	a
CCN10	×	CAB157	1.89	b	1.35	b	3.24	b	18.90	a	10.23	a
SCA6	×	CAB324	1.70	b	1.44	b	3.14	b	16.28	b	9.23	a
MO20	×	CAB94	1.52	b	1.54	b	3.06	b	14.61	b	12.42	a
TSH1188	×	CAB94	1.67	b	1.37	b	3.04	b	14.51	b	13.17	a
MO20	×	CAB169	1.43	b	1.20	b	2.63	b	10.96	b	8.28	a
SCA6	×	CAB157	1.11	b	1.35	b	2.46	b	8.28	b	8.84	a
MO20	×	CAB157	0.99	b	0.87	b	1.86	b	12.81	b	7.56	a
MSD			1.35		1.68		2.52		8.49		7.26

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