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Mello et al., (2020) |
Meaning |
- Acknowledges that “Doing means being engaged in occupations that are personally meaningful, but not necessarily intentional, healthy or organized” (p. 358), and concludes that “what is meaningful, seem[s] to be connected to well-being, qualified by the person” (p. 368) |
|
Christiansen (1999)
|
Meaning |
- derived from fulfilling purpose, efficacy, value [“believing that we have done the right thing” (p. 552)], self-worth needs for meaning cannot be met “without engaging in occupation in a way that receives social validation” (p. 553) |
|
Crabtree (2003)
|
Meaning |
- embodied in intentional, goal-directed activity - distinguishable from ‘meaningless’ activity subjective experience of the ‘doer’ “represents the intangible nexus between the spiritual, cognitive, emotional self and symbols, objects, and deeds” (p. 14) |
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Crepeau et al. (2003)
|
Meaning of occupation in relation to health and well-being |
- occupations as valued “day-to-day activities that are important and meaningful to their health and well-being” (p. 28) |
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Dubouloz et al. (2004)
|
Meaning perspectives |
- personal beliefs, values, feelings, knowledge |
| - can be barriers to [positive] health changes; amenable to transformation/reconstruction through critical reflection |
|
Dür et al. (2018)
|
Meaningful activities |
- “generally positive qualities of subjective experiences associated with human action or doing” |
| - can foster transitions (e.g., adaptation, identity) |
|
Eakman (2013)
|
Meaningful activity |
- “generally positive qualities of subjective experiences associated with human action or doing” (p. 101) |
| - social in nature (e.g., contributing to/caring for others; enjoyable social interactions); motivation, purposive action (e.g., control, success, progress); personal values, beliefs |
|
|
| Meaning in life |
- “making sense, order, or coherence out of one’s existence and typically reflects the importance of purposive engagement in day-to-day life” (p. 101) |
|
|
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Eakman (2015b)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- “valued, personally relevant, and subjectively positive experiences associated with activity or occupation” (p. 314) |
|
|
| Personal meaning |
- acquired through belonging, doing, understanding |
|
Griffith et al. (2007)
|
Meaning |
- “a subjective, dynamic experience defined by the person and given worth by his or her society” (p. 80) |
|
| - when derived spiritually: i) inherent meaning; ii) relationships; iii) transcendence |
| Meaningful occupations |
- fulfil a drive to make a difference in the world |
| - identity is “central to a person’s engagement in life through meaningful occupation” (p. 87) |
|
Hammell (2004)
|
Dimensions of meaning |
- doing, being, belonging, becoming |
| - contests framing ‘meaningful’ as inherently positive: “all occupations are meaningful; they all have some meaning for the individual engaged in them” (p. 297) (e.g., ‘humiliating’ may an experienced meaning) |
| - meanings attributed to occupations are malleable |
|
Hannam (1997)
|
Meaning of occupation |
- elements of experience that give “personal shape” to one’s “cultural world” (p. 73) |
|
Hasselkus (2002)
|
Meaning in everyday occupation |
- being: to know and express one’s self |
| - becoming: the potential for personal growth, transformation, self-actualization |
| - influenced by “place” and culture |
|
Hocking (2009)
|
Meaning |
- may be “mainstream or contested, highbrow or commonplace, sacred or profane, as a site of celebration, emancipation, oppression, weary drudgery, struggle, or degradation of the environment” (p. 145) |
| - occupations are situated and multiple meaning, varying across individuals, families, and cultures |
|
Ikiugu (2005)
|
Meaningfulness |
- 4 proposition: |
| 1. meaningfulness of occupation is personal and idiosyncratic |
| 2. meaningfulness is inextricably bound with identity |
| 3. meaningfulness enhances ones’ sense of well-being |
| 4. a sense of continuity (consisting of an integrated past, present, and future) is essential to perceive ones’ live as meaningful |
|
Ikiugu et al. (2015)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- occupations that provide a sense of control, self-determination, and opportunity for self-transcendence |
|
Ikiugu et al. (2019)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- “meaningful occupations are not necessarily always psychologically rewarding or mood enhancing” (e.g., “fun”) (p. 2029) |
|
Ikiugu (2019)
|
Meaning of occupation |
- subjective according to personal preferences, circumstances, and past experiences |
|
|
| Meaningful performance |
- autonomy to choose and do what one wants to do |
|
Keponen & Kielhofner (2006)
|
Meaning of occupation |
- “meaning of occupation is not always positive” (p. 218) |
| - occupation can be: source of enjoyment, a challenge to be solved, necessary to meet obligations without expectations of satisfaction/enjoyment |
|
Kielsgaard et al. (2021)
|
Meaningful activity |
- “personally valued occupation related to an individual’s interests, preferences, personhood, motivations, autonomy, pleasure, or perceived significance of participating in specific occupations” (p. 1) |
| - experiences of being connected to self, other, environment; maintain interest, joy, emotional, mental health; address need for control, continuation of creative thinking, maintenance of relationships, coherence in one’s life story |
|
Kinney et al. (2020)
|
Meaningful activity |
- “engagement in activity that aligns with one’s values and interests, thereby generating a constellation of positive subjective experiences” (p. 2) |
| Lawton (1993, as cited in Eakman et al., 2010a) |
|
- denotative meaning: objective physical characteristics and uses of activities |
| - connotative meaning: personally subjective/ affective aspects of an activity; includes experiential, developmental, social meanings |
|
Mosey (1980)
|
Meaningful existence |
- “a life situation which allows one to be productive; to have fun; to love and be loved; and to live in surroundings which are safe, supportive, and comfortable” (p. 15) |
|
Nelson et al. (1982)
|
Meaning |
- “the process conducted by a person in interpreting symbolic information” (p. 382) |
|
| - a person’s interpretation influenced by feelings |
| Affective Meaning |
- includes: i) evaluation - positive or negative feelings; ii) power - feelings regarding potential effect on the environment; iii) action – feelings about degree of movement/volatility |
| (defined as per Osgood 1952, cited in Nelson et al., 1982) |
- noted Osgood neglects certain affective dimensions (e.g., aggressiveness, compulsiveness, sense of competence) |
|
Nelson (1988)
|
Meaningfulness of an occupation |
- an individual's interpretation of an occupational form (“meaning”), which may differ from sociocultural expectations |
|
Persson et al. (2001)
|
Meaning |
- “a personal experience” (p. 15) |
| - changes when disruptions or changes occur (e.g., injury illness) and may impact “global meaning of life” (p. 14) |
| - a prerequisite is ‘occupational value’: i) concrete (e.g., satisfaction, competence); ii) symbolic (personal, cultural, universal); iii) self-reward (e.g., enjoyment) |
|
Petruseviciene et al. (2018)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- purposeful activity “selected in accordance with the person’s interests and priorities” (p. 2) |
| - positively affects health and quality of life; “absence is a major threat to human health” (p. 2) |
|
Reed et al. (2010)
|
Meaning of occupation |
- is “at the heart of who we are” (p. 146) |
| - presence (or absence) of particular people can influence meaning |
| - through occupation, people “become aware of the opportunities that open up or close down for them” (p. 147) |
|
Reed et al. (2011)
|
Meaning of occupation |
- “revealed in what we are called to do, what excites, engages, or demands something of us, in contrast to those occupations that leave us bored, disinclined, or neglectful” (p. 305) |
| - sharing an interest or “Being with” others (p. 305) |
| - connecting the present with the past |
|
Roberts & Bannigan (2018)
|
Personal meaning |
- personal fulfillment (i.e., learning and development, pride and satisfaction, mastery, contribution) |
| - restoration (i.e., enjoyment, pleasure, happiness, feelings, relaxation, ‘in the moment,’ sense of health and wellbeing, structure) |
| - personal and sociocultural identity |
| - connection (i.e., social, cultural, generational) |
| - occasional “negative feelings” (p. 391) |
|
Rosenberg et al. (2019)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- self-initiated, important, valued; sense of enjoyment; achieving a sense of control (choice, autonomy); balancing challenge/demand and personal skill |
|
Rowles (2008)
|
Pathways to meaning in life |
- “achieving a sense of worth through the process of engaging in occupation – through ‘working’” (p. 128) |
| - ‘loving’ through social relationships |
| - exercising autonomy; ‘choosing’ responses and attitudes |
| - “receptivity to the richness and mystery of life, appreciation of the world in which we live and the development of an understanding of our place in the cosmos” (p. 128-129) |
| - meaning can be derived from hatred |
|
Tierney & Beattie (2020)
|
Attributes that make activities meaningful for people with |
- enjoyable; suited to individual skills, abilities, preferences; related to personally relevant goals; engaging; related to an aspect of identity |
| dementia |
- participation in personally 'meaningful activities' may positively impact lives |
|
Wada (2011)
|
Meanings of occupation |
- potential for subjectively ‘positive and negative meanings attributed to an occupation” (p. 235). |
|
White et al. (2013)
|
Meaning of occupation in relation to on-going health conditions |
- “occupation empowers” (p. 25) |
| - meaningful activity that enhanced well-being could pose risk to health |
| - illness-oriented activities could become [positively] meaningful |
|
Wilcock (1998)
|
Meaningful occupation |
- “doing well, well-being and becoming what people are best fitted to become is essential to health” (p. 255) |
Refletindo sobre a conceptualização de ‘significado’ em terapia ocupacional