Anti-Sporothrix spp. activity of medicinal plants

Casos de esporotricose em humanos e animais sem resposta clínica satisfatória têm aumentado, sinal de alarme para o surgimento de cepas resistentes aos antifúngicos convencionais. A urgente busca por alternativas terapêuticas tem incentivado as pesquisas em plantas medicinais com atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. Um levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado com base em artigos científicos sobre a atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de óleos essenciais e extratos de plantas preparados em diferentes solventes contra o complexo Sporothrix schenckii. A metodologia do estudo consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica em Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme e Springer link com artigos desde 1986 até 2015. Foram encontradas 141 espécies de plantas já investigadas, das quais 100 espécies concentradas em 39 famílias botânicas apresentaram atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. confirmada. Combretaceae, Asteraceae e Lamiaceae representaram as famílias botânicas com maior número de espécies vegetais com potencial antifúngico, empregando diferentes metodologias. Entretanto, há poucos estudos com plantas medicinais em infecção experimental animal comprovando sua atividade no tratamento da esporotricose. Reforça-se a necessidade de mais pesquisas relacionadas à padronização de metodologias in vitro e a estudos in vivo relacionados à segurança e potencial tóxico dessas plantas com atividade anti-Sporothrix spp.

Unitermos:
Sporothrix schenckii; Antifúngicos; Combretaceae/farmacognosia; Asteraceae/farmacognosia; Lamiaceae/farmacognosia; Plantas medicinais/atividade antifúngica

Botanical Family	Plant Species	Plant Parts	Extract	Country	Reference
Agavaceae	Agave lecheguilla	Root	E	Mexico	Verástegui et al.,1996; 2008
		Leaves	E	Mexico	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave lophantha	Leaves	E	Mexico	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave picta	Leaves	E	Mexico	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave scabra	Leaves	E	Mexico	Verastegui et al., 2008
Anacardiaceae	Schinus terebinthifolius	Leaves, Stems	Di, E, EA, He	Brazil	Johann et al., 2007
Anacardiaceae	Loxostylis alata	Leaves	Ac, Aq, Bu, Ch, CT Di, He, Ch, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009; Suleiman, Naidoo, Eloff, 2012
Anacardiaceae	Protorhus longifolia	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Apiaceae	Cuminum cyminum	Seed	Aq, EO, Ha, M	India	Chaudhary, Husain, Ali, 2014
Araucariaceae	Araucaria spp.	Resin	E	Brazil	Salomão et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Artemisia ludoviciana	Leaves, Root, Flowers	Aq, EA, MC	Mexico	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Heliopsis longipes	Leaves, Root, Flowers	Aq, EA, MC	Mexico	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Tagetes lucida	Leaves, Root, Flowers	Aq, EA, MC	Mexico	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Baccharis dracunculifolia	Resin	E	Brazil	Salomão et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Ophryosporus peruvianus	Leaves, Stems	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Asteraceae	Senecio culcitioides	Aerial Parts	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon balansae	Aerial Parts	M	Brazil	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon cordobense	Aerial Parts	M	Brazil	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon lanatum	Aerial Parts	M	Brazil	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon lorentzii	Aerial Parts	M	Brazil	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon polystachyum	Aerial Parts	M	Brazil	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Burseraceae	Commiphora harveyi	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Caesalpiniaceae	Senna alata	Leaves	E	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005
Caesalpiniaceae	Hymenaea courbaril	Leaves	E	Guatemala	Sánchez, 2009
Campanulaceae	Lobelia pyramidalis	Aerial Parts	EO	Índia	Joshi et al., 2011
Chloranthaceae	Hedyosmum mexicanum	Leaves	E	Guatemala	Castellanos, 2007
Clusiaseae	Hypericum uliginosum	Grass	E	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia brachystemma	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia gazensis	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia mollis	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia prunioides	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia sambesiaca	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia sericea	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005; 2010b; Masoko et al., 2010a;
Combretaceae	Combretum acutifolium	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum albopunctactum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007; 2010b; Masoko et al., 2010a
Combretaceae	Combretum apiculatum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum bracteosum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum caffrum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum celastroides spp. celastroides	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum celastroides spp. orientale	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum collinum spp. suluense	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum collinum spp. taborense	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum edwardsii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum erythrophyllum	Leaves	Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum hereroense	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum imberbe	Leaves	Di	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum kraussii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum microphyllum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum moggii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum molle	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum mossambicense	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum nelsonii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007; 2010b; Masoko et al., 2010a;
Combretaceae	Combretum padoides	Leaves	Ac, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum paniculatum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum petrophilum	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum woodii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum zeyheri	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
Combretaceae	Combretum vendae	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Compositae	Baccharis glutinosa	Leaves	E	Mexico	Verástegui et al.,1996
Cornaceae	Curtisia dentata	Leaves, Stems	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa	Shai et al., 2008
Euphorbiaceae	Croton ruizianus	Leaves, Stems	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Fabaceae	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Root	E, EA	Índia	Fatima et al., 2009
Fabaceae	Diphysa robinioides	Leaves	E	Guatemala	Sánchez, 2009
Geraniaceae	Perlagonium graveolens	-	EO	Índia	Singh et al., 2012
Hydrophyllaceae	Wigandia urens	Leaves, Stems	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Kirkiaceae	Kirkia wilmsii	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Labiateae	Satureja macrostema	Leaves, Root	Aq, EA, MC	Mexico	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Lamiaceae	Origanum vulgare	Aerial Parts	EO	Brazil	Cleff, 2008; Couto et al., 2015
Lamiaceae	Salvia lavanduloides	Leaves, Flowers	E	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis	Leaves	EO	Índia	Luqman et al., 2007
Lamiaceae	Ocimum basilicum	-	EO	Índia	Sinha, Gulati, 1990
Lamiaceae	Ocimum canum (americanum)	-	EO	Índia	Sinha, Gulati, 1990
Lamiaceae	Ocimum gratissimum	-	EO	Índia	Sinha, Gulati, 1990
Lamiaceae	Ocimum sanctum	-	EO	Índia	Sinha, Gulati, 1990
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Cortex	He	Mexico	Márquez, 2010
Liliaceae	Agapanthus africanus	Root	E	India	Singh et al., 2008
Meliaceae	Khaya anthotheca	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Moraceae	Dorstenia contrajerva	Root	E	Guatemala	Castellanos, 2007
Myristicaceae	Iryanthera lancifolia	Stems	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Leaves	M	Mexico	Márquez, 2010
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus citriodora	-	EO	India	Akhtar et al., 2014
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava	Leaves	Ac, He	Mexico	Márquez, 2010
Myrtaceae	Syzygium aromaticum	Sprouts	He	Mexico	Márquez, 2010
Myrtaceae	Psidium acutangulum	Leaves	E	Peru	Wen et al., 2011
Ochnaceae	Ochna natalitia	Leaves	Ac, Di, He, M	South Africa, Nigeria	Suleiman et al., 2009
Onagraceae	Oenothera multicaulis	Aerial Parts, Root	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Piperaceae	Piper abutiloides	Aerial Parts	Ha	Brazil	Johann et al., 2009
Poaceae	Cymbopogon flexuosus	-	EO	Índia	Saikia et al., 2001
Poaceae	Cymbopogon martini	-	EO	Índia	Saikia et al., 2001
Poaceae	Cymbopogon winterianus	-	EO	Índia	Saikia et al., 2001
Polygalaceae	Polygala campestris	Whole Plant	Di	Brazil	Johann et al., 2011
Polygalaceae	Polygala paniculata	Whole Plant	E	Brazil	Johann et al., 2011
Polygalaceae	Polygala sabulosa	Whole Plant	Di, EA	Brazil	Johann et al., 2011
Polygonaceae	Rumex acetosa	Leaves, Stems, Flowers	E	Brazil	Johann et al., 2007
Rosaceae	Rubus urticaefolius	Leaves, Stems, Flowers	E, EA	Brazil	Johann et al., 2007
Smilacaceae	Smilax domingensis	Leaves, Stems, Root, Flowers	E	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005
Solanaceae	Cestrum auriculatum	Leaves	E	Peru	Rojas et al., 2003
Valerianaceae	Valeriana prionophylla	Root	E	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005
Verbenaceae	Lippia graveolens	Leaves	E, He	Guatemala	Fernández, 2005; Beteta, 2005
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa	Rhizomes	EO	Thailand	Apisariyakul, Vanittanakom, Buddhasukh, 1995
Zygophyllaceae	Larrea tridentata	Leaves	E	Mexico	Verástegui et al.,1996

Botanical Family	Plant Species	Solvent Extract	Origin of Sporothrix spp.	Inhibition Zone*	Reference
Agavaceae	Agave lecheguilla	Ethanol	Human	10 mm	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave lophantha	Ethanol	Human	10 mm	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave picta	Ethanol	Human	16 mm	Verastegui et al., 2008
Agavaceae	Agave scabra	Ethanol	Human	9 mm	Verastegui et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Artemisia ludoviciana	Ethanol	Unspecified	1to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Artemisia ludoviciana	Methanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Heliopsis longipes	Ethanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Ophryosporus peruvianus	Ethanol	Human	13 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Asteraceae	Senecio culcitioides	Ethanol	Human	15 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Asteraceae	Tagetes lucida	Methanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Asteraceae	Tagetes lucida	Ethanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Campanulaceae	Lobelia pyramidalis	Essential oil	MTCC^† 1359	13 mm	Joshi et al., 2011
Euphorbiaceae	Croton ruizianus	Ethanol	Human	13 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Fabaceae	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Ethanol	AIIMS^◊	5 mm	Fatima et al., 2009
Fabaceae	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Acetyl acetate	AIIMS^◊	7 mm	Fatima et al., 2009
Hydrophyllaceae	Wigandia urens	Ethanol	Human	13 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Labiateae	Satureja macrostema	Ethanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Labiateae	Satureja macrostema	Methanol	Unspecified	1 to 1.99 cm	Damián-Badillo et al., 2008
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis	Essential oil	AIIMS^◊	< 5 mm	Luqman et al., 2007
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Hexane	Unspecified	14 mm	Márquez, 2010
Myristicaceae	Iryanthera lancifolia	Ethanol	Human	13 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Acetone	Unspecified	12 mm	Márquez, 2010
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus citriodora	Essential oil	MTCC^† 1359	6.67 to 27 mm	Akhtar et al., 2014
Myrtaceae	Psidium acutangulum	Ethanol	IHEM^§15503	22 mm	Wen et al., 2011
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava	Methanol	Unspecified	16 mm	Márquez, 2010
Myrtaceae	Syzygium aromaticum	Hexane	Unspecified	43 mm	Márquez, 2010
Onagraceae	Oenothera multicaulis	Ethanol	Human	15 to 19 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Poaceae	Cymbopogon flexuosus	Essential oil	Human	35 mm	Saikia et al., 2001
Poaceae	Cymbopogon martini	Essential oil	Human	19 mm	Saikia et al., 2001
Poaceae	Cymbopogon winterianus	Essential oil	Human	12 mm	Saikia et al., 2001
Solanaceae	Cestrum auriculatum	Ethanol	Human	25 mm	Rojas et al., 2003
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa	Essential oil	Human	3 mm	Apisariyakul, 1995

Botanical Family	Plant Species	Solvent Extract	Origin of Sporothrix spp.	Minimal Inhibitory Concentration	Reference
Agavaceae	Agave lecheguilla	Ethanol	Human	5.0 mg mL^-1	Verástegui et al.,1996
Anacardiaceae	Schinus terebinthifolius	Ethanol, Hexane	ATCC^♦ 22019	15 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2007
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon balansae	Methanol	Human	625 μg mL^-1	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon cordobense	Methanol	Human	625 μg mL^-1	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon lanatum	Methanol	Human	625 μg mL^-1	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon lorentzii	Methanol	Human	625 μg mL^-1	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Asteraceae	Pterocaulon polystachyum	Methanol	Human	156 μg mL^-1	Stopiglia et al., 2011
Campanulaceae	Lobelia pyramidalis	Essential oil	MTCC^† 1359	6.25 mg mL^-1	Joshi et al., 2011
Compositae	Baccharis glutinosa	Ethanol	Human	12 mg mL^-1	Verástegui et al.,1996
Fabaceae	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Ethanol	AIIMS^◊	1 mg mL^-1	Fatima et al., 2009
Lamiaceae	Origanum vulgare	Essential oil	Human; Feline	250 μL mL^-1	Cleff et al., 2008
Lamiaceae	Origanum vulgare	Essential oil	Human; ATCC 1099-18; ATCC 5110; IPEC* 15383; IPEC 17943	216 to 1735 μg mL^-1	Couto et al., 2015
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis	Essential oil	AIIMS^◊	11 mg mL^-1	Luqman et al., 2007
Piperaceae	Piper abutiloides	Hydroalcoholic	ATCC^♦ 20679	125 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2009
Polygalaceae	Polygala campestris	Dichloromethane	ATCC^♦ 20679	500 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2011
Polygalaceae	Polygala paniculata	Ethanol	ATCC^♦ 20679	1000 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2011
Polygalaceae	Polygala sabulosa	Acetyl acetate	ATCC^♦ 20679	30 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2011
Polygonaceae	Rumex acetosa	Ethanol	ATCC^♦ 22019	1000 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2007
Rosaceae	Rubus urticaefolius	Acetyl acetate, Ethanol	ATCC^♦ 22019	125 μg mL^-1	Johann et al., 2007
Zygophyllaceae	Larrea tridentata	Ethanol	Human	16 mg mL^-1	Verástegui et al.,1996

Botanical Family	Plant Species	Solvent Extract	Origin of Sporothrix spp.	MIC at 24 hours*	Reference
Anacardiaceae	Loxostylis alata	Acetone	Unspecified	0.04 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
		Methanol, Butano, Hexane, Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride, Water	Unspecified	0.2 to 1.88 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2012
	Protorhus longifolia	Dichloromethane	Unspecified	0.84 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
Burseraceae	Commiphora harveyi	Acetone	Unspecified	0.31 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
Combretaceae	Combretum acutifolium; C. albopunctactum; C. apiculatum; C. edwardsii; C. hereroense; C. moggi; C. nelsonii; C. zeyheri	Acetone	Equine	0.02 to 0.04 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. apiculatum; C. edwardsii; C. moggi; C. molle; C. mossambicense; C. petrophilum	Methanol	Equine	0.02 to 0.08 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. apiculatum; C. microphyllum; C. mossambicense; C. paniculatum	Dichloromethane	Equine	0.02 to 0.04 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. bracteosum; C. hereroense; C. mossambicense	Hexane	Equine	0.02 to 0.04 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. celastroides spp. orientale; C. collinum spp. suluense; C. woodii	Acetone	Equine	0.08 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. caffrum	Methanol	Equine	0.32 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. celastroides spp. celastroides	Methanol	Equine	0.16 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	C. collinum spp. taborense; C. kraussii	Hexane, Dichloromethane	Equine	0.16 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	Combretum erythrophyllum	Hexane	Equine	0.32 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	Combretum imberbe	Dichloromethane	Equine	0.32 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	Combretum padoides	Acetone	Equine	0.32 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2007
	Combretum vendae	Hexane	Unspecified	0.13 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
	Terminalia brachystemma; T. mollis	Dichloromethane	Equine	0.02 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
	Terminalia gazensis; T. prunioides; T. sambesiaca	Acetone	Equine	0.02 to 0.08 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
	Terminalia prunioides	Hexane	Equine	0.04 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Combretaceae	Terminalia sericea	Methanol	Equine	0.02 mg mL^-1	Masoko, Picard, Eloff, 2005
Kirkiaceae	Kirkia wilmsii	Acetone	Unspecified	0.26 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
Meliaceae	Khaya anthotheca	Acetone	Unspecified	0.11 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009
Ochnaceae	Ochna natalitia	Hexane	Unspecified	0.08 mg mL^-1	Suleiman et al., 2009

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Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[TFN1] Ac, acetone; Aq, aqueous; Bu, butanol; Di, dichloromethane; Ch, chloroform; CT, carbon tetrachloride; E, ethanol; EA, ethyl acetate; EO, essential oil; Ha, hydroalcoholic; He, hexane; M, methanol; MC, methanol, chloroform, - Not informed by consulted reference.