Rosmarinic acid: insights into analytical, pharmacological &amp; pharmaceutical aspects

,; Kumar, Neeraj; Aqil, Mohd; Najmi, Abul Kalam; Ismail, Mohd Vaseem; Mujeeb, Mohd

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902025e24575

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 61 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902025e24575 linkcopy

Rosmarinic acid: insights into analytical, pharmacological & pharmaceutical aspects

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Abstract

Rosmarinic acid is an indigenous antioxidant molecule derived from a variety of widely available herbal plants. This molecule exhibits a diverse array of pharmacological properties. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the importance of its effects and its possible use as a natural antioxidant in processed foods. It is a naturally-occurring hydroxylated compound that is commonly found in species. The escalating emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the detrimental repercussions resulting from the excessive utilization of antibiotics are generating a need for novel antimicrobial therapies. Researchers are currently investigating natural compounds as a promising option in this context. Medicinal plants possess a substantial quantity of rosmarinic acid. It is widely used as a spice in various cuisines and is highly regarded in traditional medicine for its healing properties. Rosemary contains significant amounts of powerful antioxidant chemicals, such as phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic. This review aims to analyze the relationship between the structure and activity of Rosmarinic acid, as well as its chemistry, sources, biotechnological production, and neuroprotective effect. Additionally, it will focus on the nano formulation and commercialized formulations of Rosmarinic acid.

Keywords:
Rosmarinic acid; Structure activity relationship; Pharmacological activity; Formulation; Extraction.

Compound	Method	Condition & Outcomes	References
Rosmarinic acid	ESI-MS 1H-NMR HPTLC	RA exhibits UV absorbance at 328 nm and ESI-MS peaks with a base peak at m/ z=161. The HPTLC chromatogram showed a distinct peak representing 37.60% with an Rf value of 0.30.	(Tawfeeq et al., 2018)
	Extraction•	The LCMS confirmed the methanol extracts of Mentha longifolia and Melissa officinalis, with 59.1 mg and 88.3 mg analyte/g, respectively, had the highest amount.	(Yilmaz, 2020)
	LiChroCART RP-18 reversed-phase column•	The study used mobile phase: 1% glacial acetic acid (solvent A), 6% glacial acetic acid (solvent B), and 5% glacial acetic acid (solvent C) in water/acetonitrile (65:30 v/v). glacial acetic acid solutions for separation and identified RA in plant extracts by comparing retention periods and UV spectra with reference chemicals.	(Pérez-Tortosa et al., 2012)
	• HPLC	The rosemary extract underwent HPLC analysis using a mobile phase of 0.1% aqueous ortho-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and column temperature of 27°C.	(Erkan, Ayranci, Ayranci, 2008)
	LC-MS/MS•	The presence of phytoconstituents was concealed in this setting by a variety of plants and their distinct extracts. The rosmarinic acid (88.3 mg analyte/g extract) was detected in the M. officinalis methanol extract.	(Yilmaz, 2020)
	HPLC & Spectrophotometry	The chromatograms demonstrate that the phenolic compounds were effectively isolated from one another using the HPLC method. The process of identification involved comparing the UV spectra and retention periods of reference solutions. Using calibration curves, the quantities of phenolic compounds were determined and expressed as μg mL-1. 146.3±0.8 μg mL-1-1372± 14 μg mL-1 is the rosmarinic acid.The tinctures' chromatographic profiles indicate that some rosmarinic acid breaks down into caffeic acid.	(Sik et al., 2021).
Rosmarinic acid	HPTLC	Myricetin, ellagic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid were all present in the Manuka honey samples. Based on color and Rf values, the extract's rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, p-coumaric acid, and myricetin were qualitatively identified. This suggests that the extraction technique can have a substantial impact on the kinds of chemicals that are found during analysis.	(Lawag et al., 2022)
	HPLC•	The procedure was applied to extracts of Lamiaceae species, achieving reasonable results. The repeatability and linearity were good within a broad concentration range, with excellent correlation in the 5.95×10-6-7.14×10-5 M RA range, and inter-day values of 1.60×10-6 M.	(Öztürk et al., 2011)
	HPLC-ELSD	To measure rosmarinic acid in rosemary using a Zorbax SB-C18 column. The method has good repeatability, linearity, high sensitivity, and satisfactory accuracy, with limits of detection ranging from 1.3 to 8.6 µg/mL and recovery between 95.5% and 100.8%.	(Li et al., 2019)

Compound	Formulations	Outcomes	References
Rosmarinic acid	Solid lipid nanoparticles	formulation that is administered orally An in vitro investigation demonstrated a good safety profile for evaluating the cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes.	(Madureira et al., 2016)
	PEGylated RA-derived nanoparticles (RANPs	RANPs show potential in colitis treatment when combined with anti-inflammatory medications, demonstrating their biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity in a mouse model.	Chung et al., 2020)
	RA-loaded nanoparticles	The Nano formulation preserves fatty and minced food quality, especially in preventing oxidation in fish meat. It’s in vitro release study shows a controlled, slow-release pattern of RA.	(Ceylan et al., 2022)
	Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles (RA-SFNs)	The nanoparticles showed enhanced antitumor activity against HeLa and MCF- 7 cells, with rapid drug release, high encapsulation efficiency (39%), and improved cellular uptake.	(Fuster et al., 2021)
	Chitosan nanoparticles	RA, when encapsulated into nanoparticles, can inhibit lipid peroxidation and enhance drug delivery, enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic effects due to its antioxidant properties.	(Da Silva et al., 2015)
	Nanoparticle encapsulated with chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol	The study revealed that rosemary extract nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in Hep-2 cells, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species and cell death.	(Ellithy, Aly, Tarek, 2022)
	Rosemary extract-loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes	Alzheimer disease	(Shalabalija et al., 2021)
	Nano pocket	In vitro and in vivo tests are used in the study to evaluate the antibacterial activity and wound healing effectiveness of the formulation. The proposed formulation exhibits promise for improved wound healing and antimicrobial activities, according to the results.	(Chhabra, Chauhan, Kumar, 2020)
	Liposomal nano formulation Silk fibroin nanoparticle Gold nanoparticle	In the treatment of cancer like breast cancer, human cervical carcinoma	(Chaitanya et al., 2022)

Product name	Brand	Manufacturer
Healthyhey Nutrition Natural Rosemary Leaf Extract 60 vegetable capsules	Healthyhey Nutrition	Healthyhey Foods LLP, 227, Building No.5-B, Mittal Industrial Estate,AK Road,, Andheri (E), Mumbai- Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400059
Organix Mantra Rosemary Oil \| Improves Hair Growth, Strengthens Hair & Balances Scalp \| Moisturizes Skin & Nourishes \| Rosemary Oil 15ml	Organix Mantra	ASG Mantra, Organix Mantra
Pilgrim Spanish Rosemary & Biotin Hair Growth Oil to Control Hair Fall & Strengthens Hair 100ml \| Rosemary essential oil for hair growth \| Reduces Hair Fall \| Strengthens Hair	Pilgrim	Naturis Cosmetics Pvt. Ltd
Mamaearth Rosemary Hair Growth Oil with Rosemary & Methi Dana for Promoting Hair Growth - 200 ml Controls Hair Fall Strengthens Hair Stimulates New Hair Growth \| Healthy Nourished Hair	Mamaearth	Indo Herbal Products, (A) Indo Herbal Products, Unit-2, Plot No. 28-29, Sector 1B, IIE, SIDCUL, Ranipur, Haridwar, 249403 Regd. Address: - C-84 Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi, India - 110017 M. : 20/C/U.A/2010 (B) Indo Herbal Products, Plot No 17, Sector 12, IIE, Sidcul, Haridwar Uttarakhand, India - 249403 M. : 2/C/U.A/2023
Avimee Herbal Rosemary Hair Oil \| For Hair Fall, Hair Growth & Dandruff \| Enriched with Neem, Amla & Bhringraj Oil \| For Men & Women \| 100 ml	AVIMEE HER- BAL	Avimee Herbal Pvt Ltd, Avimee Herbal Pvt Ltd, 422/2, F-Building, Pandesera GIDC, Surat, Gujarat, 394221
Soulflower Rosemary Lavender Hair Oil For Healthy Hair, Scalp Nourishment, Hair Growth - 100% Pure & Natural Undiluted Cold Pressed Oil, 120Ml	Soulflower	PT Invent India Pvt Ltd, Plot no B-67, additional midc, anand nagahr,near papu canteen,ambernath (E) 421506, 022-62871234
Parachute Advansed Rosemary-enriched Coconut Hair Oil\| Rosemary Hair Oil\| Superfoods’ Magic \| Long & Thick Hair \| 300 Ml	Parachute Advansed	Marico Limited, Ameya plastics, Door no: 5E, SF no. 605/3-C, Moolakalipalayam, Kaduvettipalayam (PO), Coimbatore -641659, Tamil Nadu. M C-1182
Botanic Hearth 100% Pure Rosemary Oil For Hair Growth Infused With Biotin \| Hair Strenghtening Treatment \| Nourishing & Volumizing \| With Jojoba Oil & Castor Oil \| Non GMO Verified \| Hair Oil with Applicator \| Scalp Massager for Hair Growth \| 198 ML	Botanic Hearth	Botanic Hearth, Botanic Hearth
Khadi Natural Rosemary & Henna Hair Oil, Natural Oil For Thick & Voluminous Hair Oil For Controlling Hair Fall & Premature Greying, Paraben & Mineral Oil Free, Suitable For All Hair Types, 210ml	Khadi Natural	Khadi Naturals, KHADI NATURAL HEALTHCARE 801, SHAHPURI TIRATH SINGH TOWER, C-58 COMMUNITY CENTRE, JANAKPURI, West Delhi, Delhi, 110058, helpdesk@khadinatural.com
Aravi Organic Rosemary Essential Oil for Hair Growth,Quick Hair Growth Rosemary Oil for Women and Men - 100% Pure Rosemary Leaves Oil - 100 ml	Aravi Organic	Aravi Organic, Aspiro Natural
Wishcare® Rosemary Essential Oil 15 ML - 100% Pure, Undiluted & Natural	Wishcare	Wishcare, Rabiko Lifestyle Pvt Ltd
Exotic Aromas Rosemary Oil for Hair Growth 100 Ml, Skin, Aromatherapy 100% Pure & Natural	Exotic Aromas	Natural Biotech Solutions, Exotic Aromas
Mystiq Living Rosemary Leaves and Rosemary Water for Hair Growth \| 100% Pure, Natural and Organic	Mystiq Living	Silvercloud Ventures, silvercloud Ventures
Bare Advanced Hair Growth Serum Anatomy	Bare Anatomy	‎Naturis Cosmetics Pvt. Ltd
Plix - the plant fix Rosemary Hair Growth Serum with 3% Redensyl, 4% anagain, 3% Baicapil, 50 ml (Pack of 1) \| Stimulates Hair Growth, Increase Hair Density & Thickens Hair \| For Men & Women	Plix - the plant fix	HCP Wellness Pvt. Ltd

Product name	Brand	Manufacturer name
Dr.Willmar Schwabe India Rosmarinus Officinalis 30Ch 30Ml	Dr.Willmar Schwabe	Dr. Willmar Schwabe India Pvt. Ltd.A -36,sector-60, Noida-201304
SBL Rosmarinus Officinalis 30 CH (30ml)	Shop homeo	As Per label
Dr Reckeweg Rosmarinus Officinalis 30 CH (11ml)	Shop homeo	As Per label
Hollywood Secrets Pure Rosemary Liquid Extract 50ml	Hollywood secrets	Hollywood Secrets
Lirene acid power Anti-wrinkle cream with rosmarinic acid 50 ml	Lirene	Lirene

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