Hop extracts and their utilizations: perspectives based on the last 10 years of research

Rosa, Raul Santiago; Lannes, Suzana Caetano da Silva

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902024e23905

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 60 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902024e23905 linkcopy

Hop extracts and their utilizations: perspectives based on the last 10 years of research

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Hops ( Humulus lupulus L.) is of notorious importance in the brewing industry, providing bitterness, aroma and acting as a preservative. Besides beer, innovative technologies are being developed on hop extracts, and this review aims to highlight their potential applications in the food, veterinary, and pharmaceutical industries . The emphasized topics include extraction methodologies, bioactive compounds, and motivations for use . Publications from the last 10 years that have claiming promising results, of extracts with verified composition or elucidated extraction methodology, in the development of new products such as: functional foods, food preservative, microbiota control in livestock, drug active ingredient or technological adjuvant were selected. This review collected relevant articles and subjected them to bibliometric mapping of the most common terms found in the title or abstract, in order to understand how the themes evolved in the time series and what the most recent trends are. Most of the claimed applications are related to antimicrobial potential, followed by other pharmacological applications.

Keywords:
Hop extracts; Xanthohumol; Bioactive compounds; Plant extract; Bibliometric mapping

Application	Technology	Effect
Bread	Extraction in water or milk at 90-95°C	Increases strength and quality of flours low in gluten. (Sokolova, 2021 )
Bread and heterofermentative bread (sourdough)	Aqueous extract (boil, 1h)	Increase in polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and total amino acids.
Bread and heterofermentative bread (sourdough)	Aqueous extract (boil, 1h)	Change in the taste and color of the crust (Nionelli et al. , 2018 )
Bread with rice bran and heterofermentative bread (sourdough)	Aqueous extract (water boiled for 6 hours then room temperature)	Increased antioxidant activity and total polyphenols in conjunction with rice bran. (Irakli et al. , 2019 )
Lamb patty	Extraction in 2g/50ml boiling H2O and dispersion in natura (hop powder) unfiltered.	Increased antioxidant activity; reduction of lipid and protein oxidation; increased color stability during storage (Villalobos-Delgado et al. , 2015 )
Bread and heterofermentative bread (sourdough)	Aqueous extract (boil, 1h)	Significant inhibition of: A . parasiticus , P . carneum , P . polonicum , P . paneum , P . chermesinum , A . niger , and P . roqueforti . (Nionelli et al. , 2018 )
Food/breads	Solid-liquid extraction of hop seeds in 80:20 methanol:water	Polyphenols with inhibition of B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. faecalis, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and fungus Penicillium (Alonso-Esteban et al. , 2019 )
Chicken	Aqueous extract (boil 2g/L 30min)	Significant reduction (p < 0.05) in lactic bacteria count and Brochothrix thermosphacta without taste change (NIETO et al. , 2020)
Food	Ethyl acetate, ethanol or methanol extract from supercritical CO2 extraction residues	Moderate inhibition of Fusarium and Staphylococcus (Bartmańska et al. , ( 2018 )).
Food and crops	Extraction of essential oils by Clevenger apparatus	Activity against Sitophilus granarius (PAVENTI et al. , 2020).
Food and crops	Xanthohumol extract	Activity against pests such as the Varroa destructor mite (DEGRANDI-HOFFMAN et al. , 2012) and various insects (AYDIN et al. , 2017)
Package	Chitosan silica film with 0.3% beta acids	Improvement in markers of oxidative and microbiological stability (TIAN et al. , 2021).

Application	Technology	Effect
Chicken	Addition of extract with 30 mg of beta acids / kg of food	Reduction of radical formation in the meat and increase of oxidative stability in general (Zawadzki et al. , ( 2018 ))
Chicken	Addition of 30-60mg of beta acids in microencapsulated form per kg of food.	Effect similar to zinc bacitracin as a performance enhancer by increasing the feed conversion ratio (Bortoluzzi et al. , ( 2015 ))
Swine	Addition of up to 360mg of microencapsulated beta acids per kg of food	Feed efficiency gain similar to colistin (Sbardella et al. , 2016) increase in protein content, decrease in fat content and increase in fat oxidative stability (Sbardella et al. , ( 2018 ))
Chicken	Additive containing extracted and modified hops.	Gut microbiota modulation, reduction of injury caused by C. perfringens and growth promoter similar to bacitricin (Vecchi et al. , 2021)
Swine	Pure beta acids obtained by extract purification with supercritical CO2	Activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus in skin infections in vivo (Sleha et al. , ( 2021 )) and in vitro (Bogdanova et al. , 2018a)
Swine	Purified xanthohumol in intramuscular application 25mg/kg every 3 days.	Therapeutic effect in piglets infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (Liu et al. , 2019b)
Ruminant	Methanolic extract with alpha and beta acids (49 and 38mg/g, respectively)	Rumen microbiota modulation and reduction in methane emission (Narvaez, Wang, Mcallister, 2013)
Ruminant	Beta acid extract by supercritical CO2 or tetra-hydro-iso-alpha-acids	Reduction of methane emission from Methanobrevibacter ruminantium comparable to metronidazole (Blaxland, Watkins, Baillie, ( 2021 ))

Application	Technology	Effect
Obesity and dyslipidemia	Isolated xanthohumol supplemented in food for 12 days at concentrations of 30 and 60mg/kg/day	Decreasing dose-dependent effect of weight gain, plasma LDL and IL-6 concentration in mice (Miranda et al. , 2016 ) Decreased hepatic weight gain, plasma triglycerides and increased fecal excretion in mice (Yui, Kiyofuji, Osada, 2014 )
Obesity and dyslipidemia	Isolated xanthohumol supplemented at 0.05% in an atherosclerotic diet	Reduction of cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerotic regions by inhibiting esterified cholesterol transfer protein in mice (Hirata et al. , 2012 )
Obesity and dyslipidemia	Isolated xanthohumol	Inhibitor of adipogenesis and induction of lipolysis partially via AMP-activated protein kinase (Samuels, Shashidharamurthy, Rayalam, 2018 ).
Diabetes and dyslipidemia	Xanthohumol 10mg/L + 8-prenylnaringenin 10mg/L	Reduced fat accumulation, increased insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and improved lipid profile over control (Costa et al. , 2017 )
Obesity and dyslipidemia	Extract derived from brewer's wort production residue (humolinones and iso-humolinones)	Secretion of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin in vitro (Yamazaki et al. , 2019) and fat reduction in a double-blind clinical study (Morimoto-Kobayashi et al. , 2016)
Obesity and type II diabetes	Tetra-iso-alpha-acids with different chemical substitutions supplemented in the diet	Reduction in weight gain, normalization of insulin sensitivity markers, increase in plasma concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduction in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice (Everard et al. , 2012)
Obesity and diabetes	Different fractions of aqueous extract of hops supplemented in the diet at 2 and 5%	Reduction in adipose tissue gain, adipocyte diameter and decreased glucose tolerance (Sumiyoshi, Kimura, 2013 ).
Alzheimer's disease/neuroprotection	Isolated xanthohumol supplemented in food	Reduction of pro-inflammatory molecules in nervous tissue (Rancán et al. , 2017 )
Stroke/neuroprotection	Isolated xanthohumol in peritoneal application 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg	Reduction of infarct size in induced ischemic stroke in treated groups (Yen et al. , 2012 ).
Alzheimer's disease/neuroprotection	Xanthohumol in vitro	Reduction of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and chemoprotective effect against the development of Alzheimer's disease (Huang et al. , 2018).
Hepatoprotection	Xanthohumol supplemented in diet 1 mg/kg/day	Inflammation modulation and liver protector (Fernández-García et al. , 2019 ).
Obesity-induced dementia	Iso-Alpha Acid Extract in diet	Reduction of neuronal loss and hippocampus atrophy (Ayabe et al. , 2018 ) Reduced inflammation in the hippocampus and improved brain activity (Ano et al. , 2019 ).
Obesity-induced dementia	Extract derived from brewer's wort production residue (humolinones and iso-humolinones).	Improved verbal fluency and less mental fatigue than placebo in double-blind clinical trial (Fukuda et al. , 2020).
Anticancer	Isolated xanthohumol	Cytotoxicity and inhibition of proliferation in breast cancer cells (Kim; Lee; Moon, 2013). NF-kB inhibitor. Angiogenesis inhibition in pancreatic cancer (Saito et al. , 2018 ).
Antiviral	Xanthohumol in peritoneal application	Reduction of liver damage and reduction of steatosis and fibrosis caused by hepatitis C virus (Yang et al. , 2013 )
Antiviral	Xanthohumol	Hepatitis C virus replication inhibition (Lou et al. , 2014 ) and protease inhibition related to coronavirus replication (Lin et al. , 2021 ).
Antibiotic	Xanthohumol	MIC and MIB similar to metronidazole in Clostridium difficile isolated from patients with nosocomial diarrhea (Cermak et al. , 2017 )
Antibiotic	Commercial extract of supercritical CO2, lupulone and xanthohumol.	Inhibition and reduction of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci biofilm formation (Bogdanova et al. , 2018b).
Antibiotic	Hop alcoholic extract	Inhibition and reduction of biofilm formation in gram-positive bacteria related to antibiotic-resistant skin infections (Di Lodovico et al. , 2020 ).
Antibiotic	Hydroalcoholic extract of hop cones, leaves, stems and rhizomes further purified to concentrate xanthohumol, lupulone and deoxyxanthohumol	Antibiotic effect against Leishmania mexicana , Trypanosoma brucei and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Bocquet et al. , 2019 ).
Antioxidant	Extrato feito por partição hexano e metanol.	Fraction of hexane rich in alpha and beta acids inhibited lipid peroxidation (Kontek et al. , 2021 ).
Control of disease vectors	Essential oil extract	Toxic for mosquitoes and molluscs vectors of diseases (Bedini et al. , 2016).

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