Biosafety of milk-derived extracellular vesicles and the mechanism of their cellular uptake

Abstract

The biosafety of cow’s milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) has not been fully explored, particularly regarding its potential as an in vivo drug carrier. This study systematically evaluated the biosafety of mEVs by assessing their in vitro cytotoxicity as well as in vivo toxicity, immunogenicity, and potential for irritation in mice. The results showed that mEVs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in vitro, with no significant effect on cell viability. Furthermore, repeated injections of mEVs did not induce aberrant immune responses, irritation or toxicity in mice, indicating that mEVs are a highly biocompatible and safe drug carrier with promising biomedical applications. However, further research is needed to fully understand their long-term effects and optimize their use.

Keywords:
mEV; Biosafety; Immunogenicity; Irritation; Cellular uptake mechanism.