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Highlights A 1-hr exposure to 6~12 kHz noise at 100 dB SPL could cause a temporary threshold shift in C57BL/6J mice without hair cell loss. The circadian timing of noise exposure did not affect ABR threshold shifts. The circadian timing of noise exposure influences noise-induced inflammatory responses in the mouse cochlea. Daytime noise may induce a greater inflammatory response than that of nighttime noise.

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Highlights The study investigates the effect of site of lesion on the contributory factors of hearing handicap. The study provides insight into how much the mild ANSD subject suffers against their counterparts who have a sensory impairment. The finding purports that “mild” ANSD subjects have listening impairment similar to that of “severe” degree of SNHL subjects.

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Highlights Hearing is one of the key senses for humans overall development. Hearing loss, which is a decrease in the ability to detect speech and environmental sounds, may be attenuated if detected. In Brazil, the incidence of congenital syphilis in 2019 was 9.0/1000 live births, and its mortality rate was 8.2/100,000 live births.

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Highlights Vestibular Migraine (VM) is the second most common cause after Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in patients with vertigo. Drugs used in migraine headaches are also used in the treatment of VM, but complaints of dizziness/vertigo may progress. Vestibular Rehabilitation (VR) provide significant improvement in vestibular symptoms and quality of life in VM patients. VR should be considered in addition to medical treatment in patients with vestibular migraine.

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Highlights 3D-real IR MRI can provide a better assessment of EH in MD patients. Including EH in the diagnostic criteria can increase the MD diagnosis rate. The EH degree or distribution may be related to the degree of hearing loss.

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Highlights Vestibular rehabilitation supported with virtual reality appears to be effective in elderly patients with dizziness. Virtual reality-based vestibular rehabilitation is superior to conventional vestibular rehabilitation therapy alone. The implementation of the virtual reality environment in the vestibular rehabilitation program may be useful.

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Highlights The lowest latency of P3 occurred six months after CI-activation for the tone burst stimulus. The lowest latency of P3 occurred Pre-CI with speaking stimulus. There was a poor correlation between the mean latency of P3 and the time of hearing loss for the speech stimulus. There was no variation of the P3 amplitude after 6 months using cochlear implant. There was an increase of P3 latency in individuals older than 45 years, for both puretone and speech stimuli.

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Highlights The presence of masking noise interferes with latency and amplitude measurements of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials. Presence of forward masking phenomenon during the measurements in the masking noise presentation condition before the speech stimulus. Greater presence of forward masking phenomenon in the elderly group.

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Highlights GVS and ACS-VEMPs were compared in patients with unilateral MD and normal controls. GVS was as effective as ACS for inducing VEMPs, and even faster than ACS. GVS-VEMP recording can detect retrolabyrinthine degeneration in MD.

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Highlights Diabetes mellitus causes an increase in oxidative stress that leads to deterioration in auditory functions. Astaxanthine is known to have strong antioxidant effects. The results show that Astaxanthine has protective effects against hearing impairment due to DM with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Highlights Vestibular involvement in sudden hearing loss was very frequent (88.23%). The ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential was the most frequently altered vestibular test. The vestibular test results were not related to hearing prognosis.

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Highlights The maiden HPE report of HSC pathology improves the understanding of etiology of BPPV. The quick head rotational test using gravity complements Dix-Hallpike test and is more effective in locating cupular and anterior arm pathology of HSC. Modified II stage of Semont’s maneuvere using utmost gravity force clears the cupolar deposits more efficiently than concurrent therapies. The proposed protocol in managing HSC BPPV of complex presentation is found to be extremely useful in clinical practice in a busy vertigo clinic.

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Highlights Diabetes is a disease caused by insulin deficiency. Lipid peroxidation plays an important role in the pathogenesis diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus leads to sensorineural hearing loss. Regulation of blood glucose level may prevent hearing loss in diabetic people.

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Abstract Objective: The present study aimed to perform a morphological and morphometric analysis of cochlear structures of C57BL/6J mice receiving oral melatonin for a 12-month period. Methods: 32 male C57BL/6J were divided into control and melatonin groups. Control received saline and ethanol solution and melatonin group, 50 μL of 10 mg of melatonin/kg/day orally for a 12-month period. After de experiment the animals were sacrificed into a 40% concentration of CO2 chamber, and the blades were morphological and morphometrically analyzed. Results: The melatonin group revealed a higher median density of viable cells (45 ± 10.28 cells/100 μm2, 31–73, vs. 32 ± 7.47 cells/100 μm2, 25–48). The median area of stria vascularis was 55.0 ± 12.27 cells/100 μm2 (38–80) in the control, and 59.0 ± 16.13 cells/100 μm2 (40–134) in the melatonin group. The morphometric analysis of the spiral ligament reveals a higher median of total viable neurons in the melatonin (41 ± 7.47 cells/100 μm2, 27–60) than in the control group (31 ± 5.68 cells/100 μm2, 21–44). Conclusion: Although melatonin is a potent antioxidant, it does not completely neutralize the occurrence of presbycusis; however, it may delay the onset of this condition. Level of evidence: 3.

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Highlights The translated version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire showed good test-retest accuracy with robust interclass correlation coefficient values. The Brazilian version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire showed high reliability according to the results of Cronbach’s alpha. Pearson’s correlation coefficient demonstrated a strong correlation between the total scores of Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores.

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Highlights IV Gd-enhanced inner ear MRI (EH + PE) had higher sensitivity and specificity than the vestibular test battery. Among the vestibular tests, the highest sensitivity and specificity were obtained from the caloric test. In suspected MD, the clinical history, hearing tests, MRI (EH + PE) are sufficient for diagnosis in certain patient groups.

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Highlights Visual vertigo occurs after a vestibular disorder compromising daily living. Visual vertigo analog scale is reliable to be used in the Portuguese population. Visual vertigo is severe across all kinds of vestibular syndromes.

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Highlights Late-latency auditory evoked potentials changes after tinnitus suppression. The N1, P3a, and P3b were significantly changed in tinnitus subjects. The P3a changes after short-term auditory stimulation in tinnitus subjects. The N1 latency decreases after long-term use of tinnitus masker. Our findings supports a common mechanism for residual inhibition and tinnitus masker.

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Highlights VR-assisted SVV and SVH data at different head-tilt angles were established. Age may not affect VR-assisted SVV and SVH values at different head-tilt angles. VR-assisted SVV and SVH tests are an effective way to evaluate utricle function.

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Highlights Definite Vestibular Migraine (dVM) is more common in women. The onset of migraine precedes that of vestibular symptoms, which are often accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia. Most patients develop motion sickness and cannot tolerate the caloric test, which can contribute to dVM diagnosis. Motion sickness and severe caloric test intolerance can contribute to the diagnosis of dVM. Immunological indicators are abnormal in some patients with dVM.

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Highlights Decreased Sound Tolerance Scale-Screening is easy to apply and takes a short time. This scale distinguishes hyperacusis, phonophobia, misophonia. This scale guides clinician to which discipline the patient should be referred.

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Highlights Amplification restores auditory input and reduce tinnitus annoyance. THI reduction has been considered to be clinically and statistically significant after 6-months of hearing aid usage. A significant reduction in THI and VAS indicates a significant improvement in tinnitus severity. Minimal masking levels showed statistically significant reduction after 6-months use of HA, and inverse correlation with duration of tinnitus. THI, HHIA, VAS for tinnitus annoyance and MMLs are interrelated parameters on tinnitus amelioration.

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Highlights Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is defined as a sensoneural hearing loss of at least 30 decibels, which affects at least three consecutive frequencies within 72 hours. The etiology of SSNHL is fairly unknown, and so, it is often referred to as an idiopathic disease. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss requires immediate treatment. Tonal audiometry results, diabetes mellitus and onset of therapy were shown to be a statistically significant negative predictive factors for recovery.

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Highlights Combined HST and the HSTS test have a higher specificity than HST alone. Repressible horizontal HSN usually suggests a peripheral vertigo specifically. Findings of the bedside HST + HSTST are consistent with those of VNG.

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Highlights Aural fullness and otalgia symptoms are associated with temporomandibular disorders in patients with dizziness. Patients with dizziness and without temporomandibular disorders have a greater impact on quality of life. The most affected quality of life domains are the functional and emotional ones.

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Highlights Vestibular evaluation of children with dyslexia. Ocular evidence of otoneurology in dyslexia. The measurements of ocular tests in children with dyslexia. Vectoelectro-nystagmography and videonystagmography exams in children with dyslexia.

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Highlights Galvanic vestibular stimulation is used for peripheral and central vestibular rehabilitation. Galvanic vestibular stimulation partially or totally improves body balance. Galvanic vestibular stimulation has also therapeutic application in cognition and mood.

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Abstract Objective: To describe the main vestibular assessment tests performed in children aged zero to twelve years and the main causes of referral for vestibular assessment. Methods: The review was guided by the following question: What are themain vestibular assessment tests performed in children aged zero to twelve years and the main causes of referral for vestibular assessment? The PVO strategy was used, being defined as: Population (P) – newborns and children; study Variable (V) – causes of referral for vestibular assessment; study Outcome (O): the main vestibular assessment tests and the main findings. This study was carried out using the main available databases in the months of July, August and September 2021, with no restrictions regarding language and publication date, namely: PubMed, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin-American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and Embase. The descriptors were obtained from the MeSH database: newborn, infant, child, children, vestibular screening, vestibular infant screening, vestibular newborn screening, test, vestibular function, vestibular function test. Results: A total of 7,078 studies were identified. After reading the titles and abstracts, 107 of them were selected, with 101 remaining after the exclusion of duplicates. After the full-text reading, 31 articles were included. It was observed that the most frequently used tests were: rotational tests, caloric stimulation and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and the main causes of referral for vestibular evaluation were hearing loss and vestibular screening. Conclusion: The main tests for vestibular screening and/or assessment of children aged zero to twelve years are the rotary chair testing, caloric stimulation and cervical-vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Consequently, performing these procedures is extremely important, since the presence of vestibular dysfunction is quite common in the studied population.

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Highlights Language development is progressive. All children acquired basic auditory perception skills. Evolution of word identification up to sentence recognition level. Alternative to children born with cochlear malformation or auditory nerve deficiency.