HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students

Vera-Uehara, Carmina; Sánchez-Alemán, Miguel Angel; Uribe-Salas, Felipe Javier; Ramos-Castañeda, José; Olamendi-Portugal, Ma. Leónidez; Conde-Glez, Carlos Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2013.05.006

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Original Article • Braz J Infect Dis 18 (1) • Jan-Feb 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2013.05.006 linkcopy

HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students^✩

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HPV and the risky sexual behaviors associated to it in a sample of male college students, taking into account genotype and viral load.

Methods: From 2002 to 2003, male students from the Autonomous University of Morelos State completed a questionnaire and provided self-collected genital samples to detect and quantify HPV. We performed a bivariate and a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify correlates associated with the infection and to assess the viral load as a function of the viral infecting type. The fragments of β-globin gene and L1 of HPV, were amplified, purified and cloned, to evaluate viral load.

Results: Among 253 subjects, HPV prevalence was 19.4%, and HPV16 was the most common subtype. History of STIs (OR = 4.8; 95% CI 1.2–18.9), contraceptive pill use by female partner (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1–6.3) and exchanging sex for money (OR = 4.9; 95% CI 1.2–20) were associated to the HPV infection. HPV16 viral load was 7.8 copies (HPV/beta-globin) compared to 0.9 copies for other HPV types.

Discussion: HPV16 displayed the highest viral load, and it was the most prevalent. It was found that using contraceptive pills by female partners was associated with HPV infection.

HPV; Viral load; Contraceptive pills; Risky sexual behaviors; Male; Students

Variable		n	%
Age
	18–20 years	111	43.9
	≥21 years	142	56.1
Illegal drug consumption
	Yes	102	40.3
	No	151	59.7
Frequency of alcohol consumption a
	High	46	18.2
	Low	207	81.8
Warts on the penis
	Yes	55	21.7
	No	198	78.3
Previous STIs
	Yes	10	4.0
	No	243	96.0
Age at sexual debut
	≤15 years	66	26.1
	≥16 years	187	73.9
Time to knowing first sexual partner
	1 day–1 month	92	36.4
	≥2 months	161	63.6
Sexual partners during the previous year
	≥3	44	17.4
	1–2	209	82.6
Frequency of condom use
	Always	58	22.9
	Not always	195	77.1
Contraceptive pill use during last intercourse
	Yes	27	10.7
	No	226	89.3
Exchanging sex for money
	Yes	10	4.0
	No	243	96.0
Intercourse with sexual workers
	Yes	28	11.1
	No	225	88.9
Same sex partners
	Yes	23	9.1
	No	230	90.9

Category		n	% Studentsa
HPV+
	HR types	44	17.4
	LR types	4	1.6
	Undetermined	1	0.4
	Single	40	15.8
	Multiple	8b	3.2
	Undetermined	1	0.4
HR
	16	44	17.4
	18	1	0.4
	33	1	0.4
	51	1	0.4
	52	2	0.8
	56	1	0.4
	59	1	0.4
	66	2	0.8
LR types
	6	1	0.4
	21	1	0.4
	44	1	0.4
	84	1	0.4

Variable		HPV %	ORc	p	ORa	p
Age
	18–20 years	21.6	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	0.423
	≥21 years	17.6	1.0
Illegal drugs consumption
	Yes	23.5	1.6 (0.8–2.9)	0.170
	No	16.6	1.0
Frequency of alcohol consumption a
	High	15.2	0.7 (0.3–1.7)	0.433
	Low	20.3	1.0
Genital warts
	Yes	25.5	1.6 (0.8–3.2)	0.199
	No	17.7	1.0
Previous STIs
	Yes	50.0	4.5 (1.3–16.3)b	0.021b	4.8 (1.2–18.9)b	0.024b
	No	18.1	1.0		1.0
Age at sexual debut
	≥16 years	20.9	1.5 (0.7–3.2)	0.315	2.3 (0.96–5.6)	0.063
	≤15 years	15.2	1.0		1.0
Time to knowing first sexual partner
	1 day–1 month	25.0	1.6 (0.6–4.1)	0.307	1.8 (0.9–3.6)	0.076
	≥2 months	16.1	1.0		1.0
Sexual partners during the previous year
	≥ 3	29.5	2.0 (0.96–4.2)	0.064	2.1 (0.9–5.0)	0.094
	1–2	17.2	1.0		1.0
Frequency of condom use
	Always	19.0	0.9 (0.4–1.9)	0.772
	Not always	20.7	1.0
Contraceptive pill use during last intercourse
	Yes	34.5	2.5 (1.1–5.8)b	0.033b	2.6 (1.1–6.3)b	0.035b
	No	17.4	1.0		1.0
Exchanging sex for money
	Yes	50	4.5 (1.3–16.3)b	0.021b	4.9 (1.2–20.0)b	0.028b
	No	18.1	1.0		1.0
Intercourse with sexual workers
	Yes	25.0	1.5 (0.6–3.6)	0.426
	No	18.7	1.0
Same sex partners
	Yes	21.7	1.2 (0.4–3.3)	0.763
	No	19.1	1.0

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HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students✩

Abstract

HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students^✩