Use of remineralisers associated with organic fertilizer in lettuce growingAbstract
Lettuce, considered one of the most consumed leafy vegetables in Brazil, requires constant chemical inputs to maintain the plant's nutritional quality and reach harvest stage. Aiming to reduce chemical use, this study aimed to evaluate lettuce crop development when applied to different doses of shale or gabbro combined with cattle manure to determine the potential of this remineralizer as an alternative fertilizer. To this end, soil, cattle manure, and four doses of shale or gabbro were tested on lettuce plants, evaluating the following parameters: germination, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, plant height, fresh and dry mass of the shoot, and fresh and dry mass of the root. Agronomic data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were analyzed using Tukey's test. It was observed that the treatments SEX1, SEG1, SEG2, and SEG3 required fewer days to emerge than the others. Regarding the agronomic results, statistical differences were observed in all treatments, except for leaf number. Thus, it was found that lettuce plants developed better when the doses of 68.79 g/plant of shale and 54.34 g/plant of gabbro were combined in the soil, under controlled conditions.
Keywords:
remineralizer; Lactuca sativa; nutritional fertilization; sustainability; agrominerals
Resumo
A alface, considerada uma das folhosas mais consumidas no Brasil, requer uso constante de insumos químicos para manter a qualidade nutricional da planta e chegar a fase de colheita. Visando reduzir o uso de químicos, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura da alface sobre a aplicação de doses de xisto ou gabro associados ao esterco bovino a fim de verificar o potencial do remineralizador como alternativa de adubação. Para isso, solo, esterco bovino e quatro doses de xisto ou gabro foram testadas em planta de alface, sendo avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: germinação, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, altura da planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e massa fresca e seca da raiz. Os dados agronômicos foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias ao teste de Tukey. Foi observado que os tratamentos SEX1, SEG1, SEG2 e SEG3 necessitaram de menor quantidade de dias para emergir quando comparados aos demais. Já para os resultados agronômicos, diferenças estatísticas foram observadas em todos os tratamentos, exceto em número de folhas. Desta forma, foi verificado que plantas de alface se desenvolvem em melhores condições quando associadas as dosagens 68,79 g/planta de xisto e 54,34 g/planta de gabro no solo, sob condições controladas.
Palavras-chave:
remineralizador; Lactuca sativa; adubação nutricional; sustentabilidade; agrominerais
1. Introdution
Horticulture, one of Brazil's main agricultural activities, is responsible for a large part of fresh food production. Within this context, the production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) stands out as one of the main vegetables consumed nationally (ABCSEM, 2017; Santos-Naressi et al., 2022). Nutritional availability can vary depending on the variety, but all varieties contain vitamins A, B1, and B2. Furthermore, lettuce is an important source of minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates, and provides iron, phosphorus, and potassium, thus demonstrating nutritional potential and being one of the main reasons for its high production demand (Nurhayati et al., 2024). More than 108,000 rural properties produce lettuce in Brazil, and production volume varies throughout the year due to adverse weather conditions in each region (Benitez-Andrade et al., 2025).
To meet the growing demand for this vegetable, especially on a commercial scale, fertile soils and intensive agricultural practices are essential. In this context, lettuce cultivation requires the constant use of chemical inputs, accounting for approximately 15% of the financial movement of the chemical fertilizer segment (ABCSEM, 2017). However, excessive use of these chemicals can result in significant nitrate losses through leaching, increasing the risk of groundwater contamination (Mantovani et al., 2005). Furthermore, soluble nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea, used as a nitrogen source, are highly susceptible to losses through volatilization, especially when applied to the surface without incorporation into the soil. Despite these challenges, lettuce stands out as one of the primary vegetables grown and plays a crucial role for horticulturists and family farmers. With a short growth cycle, lettuce enjoys high acceptance in the consumer market and offers a quick economic return, characteristics that are essential for income generation, food security, and the economic sustainability of production. As food production increases, agriculture becomes more dependent on mineral fertilizers. There is growing concern about nutrient availability and future raw material shortages.
Therefore, it is essential to seek sustainable and economically viable alternatives, especially for small producers, considering the environmental impacts and the high cost of chemical fertilizers. One way to mitigate the reduction in the use and costs of chemical fertilizers is the possibility of using organomineral fertilizers, such as organic fertilizer that works as a conditioner for mineral fertilizer. Together, they can improve cation exchange capacity, increase water retention, increase soil biota activity and aeration, and provide greater stability and sustainability of the agricultural ecosystem (Kiehl, 1993).
Combined with fertilizer, rock dust (or remineralizer) has sparked the interest of researchers and producers as a more sustainable alternative to the intensive use of chemical fertilizers. A large portion of Brazil's agricultural soils have high acidity, low base saturation, and limited availability of essential nutrientes factors that restrict crop development and productivity. In this context, rock dust, composed of minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and silicon, which are gradually released into the soil, helps improve natural fertility and reduce acidity (Silva et al., 2025). Because it is abundant in Brazil and a low-cost natural product, rock dust can be considered a promising solution, especially for short-cycle crops that are demanding in terms of nutrition.
Research is essential to evaluate the use of remineralizers associated with nutritional fertilization, focusing on evaluating their efficiency in nutrient release, plant agronomic performance and quality, in addition to being able to contribute by encouraging practices that combine reduction in production costs, productivity and environmental conservation. Thus, the work aimed to evaluate the development of lettuce crops upon the application of doses of shale or gabbro associated with cattle manure in order to verify the potential of the remineralizer as an alternative fertilization.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study location and sample collection
The study was carried out in a greenhouse and the Laboratory of Extension, Technology and Teaching in Chemistry (LETEQ) (-7.22 S, -35.91 O) at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), campus I, from March to July 2025.
The shale and gabbro samples were collected in pegmatite mines located in the municipalities of Parelhas/RN (Figure 1) and Casserengue/PB (Figure 2), respectively. After collection, the samples were crushed and sieved through a 300 micrometer (µm) mesh to standardize particle size. O solo utilizado, o espodossolo, foi obtido do município de Bahia da Traição/PB e o esterco bovino na Granja Serrente, localizada no município de Lagoa Seca/PB.
Location maps of the study area in the municipality of Parelhas, Rio Grande do Norte. The image includes (i) an orthophoto of the quarry marking the shale sample collection points, (ii) an access road used in the field campaign, and (iii) a state map showing the location of the municipality of Parelhas. Source: Sousa, A. A. P. and satellite images.
Location maps of the study area in the municipality of Casserengue, Rio Grande do Norte. The image includes (i) an orthophoto of the quarry marking the gabbro sample collection points, (ii) an access road used in the field campaign, and (iii) a state map showing the location of the municipality of Casserengue. Source: Sousa, A. A. P. and satellite images.
2.1.1. Mineralogical composition of rocks
Shale and gabbro were selected due to the occurrence of easily weathered minerals with the potential to contribute Ca, Mg and K. These were subjected to chemical analysis that was conducted at the Ornamental Rock Characterization Laboratory (NRES/CETEM), Cachoeiro de Itapemirim/ES, determined by semi-quantitative analysis (standardless) in a Bruker X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, model S2 Ranger. The sample was prepared in a Mauthe Maschinenbau manual press, model PE 010 (40 mm mold, P = 20 tons and t = 15 min), using boric acid (H3BO3) as a binder in a proportion of 8 g of the sample dried at 105 0C to 2 g of the acid. The results are expressed in %, calculated as oxides and normalized to 100%.
2.1.2. Soil analysis
Soil chemical analyses were performed in accordance with Embrapa (2017). The parameters analyzed were: pH in water (1:2,5 - TFSA:H2O); exchangeable contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+, extracted with KCl 1 mol L-1 and determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and titilometry (Al3+); P available, K+ and Na+, extracted with solution Mehlich 1 (HCl 0,05 mol L-1 + H2SO4 0,0125 mol L-1) and determined by flame photometry (K+ e Na+) and colorimetry (P); potential acidity (H + Al), extracted with calcium acetate 0,5 mol L-1 pH 7,0 and determined by titrimetry and; total organic carbon (COT), determined by wet oxidation according to the method proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988).
2.2. Description of experiment
The experiment was conducted using 48 pots (500 mL), subjected to the following treatments: control containing only soil (S); soil and 50g/plant of cattle manure (SM); control containing soil and shale (22.93 g/plant) (SS); control containing soil and gabbro (27.17 g/plant) (SG); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and shale (22.93 g/plant) (SMS1); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and shale (45.86 g/plant) (SMS2); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and shale (68.79 g/plant) (SMS3); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and shale (91.72 g/plant) (SMS4); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and gabbro (27.17 g/plant) (SMG1); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and gabbro (54.34 g/plant) (SMG2); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and gabbro (81.51 g/plant) (SMG3); soil, cattle manure (50g/plant) and gabbro (108.68 g/plant) (SMG4).
The base dose was established taking into account the need for potassium (K+) (Cavalcanti et al., 2008) and cattle manure as the source of organic matter for lettuce cultivation (Santos et al., 2016). After mixing soil, rock dust and cattle manure, it was placed in the pot and watered according to the pot capacity for 45 days, during which time the rock dust begins to release nutrients into the medium. Three seeds/pot were sown and, after 15 days, thinning was done, leaving only one seedling/pot. The experiment ended 40 days after emergence, according to the crop cycle.
2.3. Analyzed parameters
The parameters analyzed were: germination (%); days to emergence; number of leaves (NL); stem diameter (SD); plant height (PH); root length (RL); fresh mass of aerial part (FMA) and root (FMR) and dry mass of aerial part (DMA) and root (DMR). The germination percentage and days to emergence were obtained according to the number of days for seedling germination and the number of leaves was counted through counting. The stem diameter was established using a digital caliper and the plant and root height using a graduated tape measure. To obtain the fresh mass of the shoots and roots, the seedlings were removed from the soil, excess soil was manually removed, and the two parts were separated at the base of the main stem. They were identified and placed in brown paper bags. These were then taken to LETEQ and weighed on a precision scale. The samples were then placed in a forced-ventilation drying oven at 50°C for 15 days and weighed again on a precision scale to obtain the dry mass of the shoots and roots.
2.4. Statistical analysis
The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in a 2x6 factorial scheme, consisting of two rock powders and six doses, totaling 12 treatments with four replicates. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the F test, and the means were compared using the Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio software (R Core Team, 2021).
3. Results
The chemical composition of the samples was determined by XRF, a technique that allows the detection and quantification of the concentration of chemical elements based on the emission of characteristic photons after excitation by X-rays. The results were expressed as oxide content (Ismail et al., 2015). With heterogeneous chemical composition, shale and gabbro present significant levels of SiO2 (Table 1).
After planting the lettuce seeds, they were monitored daily to record seedling emergence. It was observed that the treatments SMS1, SMG1, SMG2 and SMG3 required fewer days to emerge when compared to the others (Figure 3). Common to these treatments, the presence of organic compounds was observed.
Average number of days for germination of lettuce seedlings in a greenhouse. 2025. S - soil; SM - soil and manure; SS - soil and shale; SG - soil and gabbro; SMS1 - soil, manure, and shale at the recommended dose; SMS2 - soil, manure, and shale at twice the recommended dose; SMS3 - soil, manure, and shale at three times the recommended dose; SMS4 - soil, manure, and shale at four times the recommended dose; SMG1 - soil, manure, and gabbro at the recommended dose; SMG2 - soil, manure, and gabbro at twice the recommended dose; SMG3 - soil, manure, and gabbro at three times the recommended dose; SMG4 - soil, manure, and gabbro at four times the recommended dose. 2025.
It was also observed that, among the treatments that germinated faster and that contained remineralizers in their composition, three of the four contained gabbro. This acceleration may be related to its chemical composition, which has a higher Si and Ca content than shale. In contrast, seeds that were subjected to the soil-only treatment (control) took longer (in days) to germinate (Figure 3).
Lettuce plants were subjected to treatments containing different doses of rock dust, associated with a dose of cattle manure, and the agronomic parameters of the plants were evaluated. Statistical differences were observed in all treatments except NL (Table 2). Although it was observed that for the number of leaves parameter there was no statistically significant difference between the treatments, the quality and general development of the plants were influenced by the different combinations of inputs.
When comparing the SD, larger diameters were observed in the three highest doses containing gabbro and, in the treatment SMS3. This demonstrates that the application of minerals, especially gabbro, contributed to the structural vigor of plants.
When compared PH, FMA e DMA, all treatments with containing shale and gabbro did not differ statistically from the treatment SM, it can therefore be stated that the main factor for the development of the aerial part of the plant is directly related to the action of the manure and the rock dust acted as an adjuvant, not being sufficient to overcome the effect of the manure when used in isolation. When observed FMR, this treatments SMS2, SMS3, SMS4, SMG1, SMG2, SMG3, SMG4, and SM presented the best results.
4. Discussion
In order to know soil quality before the implementation of the experiment, its chemical attributes were evaluated. Spodosol is a soil in general, very poor in fertility due to low nutrient reserves, moderate to strongly acidic, normally with low base saturation, and high levels of extractable aluminum may occur (Embrapa, 2025). Revealing soil conditions that limit plant development reinforces the importance of specific corrections to ensure productive success and the sustainability of the agricultural use of the spodosol.
When seedling emergence was observed, treatments SMX1, SMG1, SMG2 e SMG3 emerged more quickly, and, common to these treatments, the presence of organic compost was observed. This, combined with the treatments, may have enhanced the supply of nutrients and consequently accelerated the germination process (Theodoro et al., 2021). Furthermore, three of the four contained gabbro. This acceleration may be related to the rock's chemical composition, which has higher Si and Ca contents than shale.
Studies demonstrate that Si improves seed viability and germination rate in several plant species by influencing reserve mobilization, membrane integrity, ROS detoxification, antioxidant system, and phytohormone metabolism (Ayed et al., 2022; Delavar et al., 2017; Gou et al., 2020; Khan and Gupta, 2018). Ca influences the absorption of humic acids (humic and fulvic), which are present in soil organic matter and play multiple roles in plant improvement, influencing soil chemistry, fertility and plant physiology. (Türkmen et al., 2007).
In contrast, seeds from the control treatment took longer to germinate. This behavior is consistent with soil type, as the spodosol generally has moderate to strongly acidic characteristics and low base saturation (dystrophic). High extractable aluminum levels can occur, making it low-fertility soil (Carvalho et al., 2013). It can therefore be stated that the lack of nutritional availability hindered the germination process, since the seed needs adequate amounts of nutrients to develop and generate healthy and balanced seedlings and, subsequently, satisfactory productivity.
In this way, rock dust appears associated with cattle manure to improve the nutritional quality and development of the plant, offering conditions for the plants to grow without deficiencies and be able to complete their cycle. Lettuce plants were subjected to treatments containing different doses of rock dust, associated with cattle manure dosages and the agronomic parameters of the plants were evaluated. Statistical differences were observed in all treatments, except in NL. Although it was observed that for parameter NL there was no significant statistical difference between treatments, quality and general development of plants were influenced by the different combinations of inputs.
The three highest doses containing gabbro and the SMS3 treatment presented higher SDs. This demonstrates that the application of minerals, especially gabbro, contributed to the structural vigor of the plants. This parameter is important since SD is related to the transport of water and nutrients, which directly impacts plant development (Yuri et al., 2004). When comparing pH, AMF, and DMA, the treatments containing shale and gabbro did not differ statistically from the SM treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that the main factor for the development of the plant's aerial part is directly related to the action of the manure, and that the rock dust acted as a supporting agent, not being sufficient to overcome the effect of the manure alone. Organic manure is a determining factor that directly increases the fresh mass and yield of the lettuce aerial part (Yuri et al., 2004; Fontanétti et al., 2006).
Rock dust, when compared to manure, had a limited effect on shoot mass, but because it is slow-release, it acts to prolong fertility (Embrapa, 2006), which reinforces the possibility of fertilizers acting as a complement to organic fertilization. When observing FMR, the treatments SMS2, SMS3, SMS4, SMG1, SMG2, SMG3, SMG4, and SM presented the best results. This shows that the combination of cattle manure with increasing doses of rock dust favors root development, which is essential for the plant to absorb water and nutrients (Fontanétti et al., 2006). In DMR, the best treatments were SM and SMG2, confirming manure as a source of organic nutrients that stimulate root growth (Sousa Júnior et al., 2012).
The significance grouping of rock dose doses and control treatments (S, SM, SS and SG) is probably due to the short cycle of lettuce culture and the slow remineralization of rock dust, which requires longer the soil to release minerals. However, the use of rock dust is viable as it provides the necessary nutrients during culture development (Silva et al., 2025). Other works also highlighted the slow release of nutrients from rock dust compared to more soluble chemical fertilizers (Lajús et al., 2021), however, the slow release of reminers is offset by the longer period of nutrient availability in soils, which causes greater nutritional absorption.
Similar results were reported by Rezende et al. (2013), who evaluated the use of rock dust as a soil fertilizer for lettuce plants and found that the tested basalt dust rates, alone or combined with cattle manure, did not result in any significant variation. However, other studies used volcanic rock residues from southern Brazil and found that several important nutrients were transferred to acidic solutions, indicating the significant potential and viability of this residue for effective use as a natural fertilizer (Ramos et al., 2017). Thus, the need for more in-depth and systematic studies that consider different rock dusts becomes evident, aiming to optimize the sustainable use of remineralizers in agriculture and promote viable alternatives to conventional fertilizers.
5. Conclusion
Lettuce plants develop under better agronomic conditions when associated with the dosages of 68.79 g/plant of shale and 54.34 g/plant of gabbro in the soil, under controlled conditions.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq, Process: 407808/2022-1 of the CNPq/CT-Mineral/CT-Energ Call No. 27/2022 – PD&I.
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Data Availability Statement
The research data analyzed in this study are not publicly available by any means. The entire dataset supporting the results of this study was published in the article itself.
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Edited by
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Editor: Jairo Lizandro Schmitt
The research data analyzed in this study are not publicly available by any means. The entire dataset supporting the results of this study was published in the article itself.
