Osmocote accelerates seedling development and quality of the slow-growing species Vouacapoua americana Aubl.Abstract
Success in forest restoration with native species is linked to the production of seedlings with high morpho-physiological quality, obtained through appropriate forest nursery techniques. This study aimed to evaluate growth and quality of seedlings of Vouacapoua americana Aubl., a species native of Amazonia, subjected to different doses of the controlled-release fertilizer Osmocote (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g plant-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates and four plants per plot, totaling 12 individuals per treatment. The dose of 7.5 g plant-1 provided the best results for the morphological variables: shoot height, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and total dry mass, with means of 30.5 cm, 21.53 g, 6.72 g, and 28.25 g, respectively. For the physiological parameters, total chlorophyll, leaf nitrogen, and leaf temperature contents of 36.3 SPAD; 14.1 g N plant-1 and 34.1 °C were observed, respectively. The Dickson Quality Index showed the highest value at the dose of 7.7 g plant-1 (4.0). A significant interaction was observed between the fertilizer levels and the morphological seedlings variables, with a tendency to reduce growth at the highest doses. The dose of 7.5 g plant-1 of Osmocote was the most efficient for the development of vigorous and balanced seedlings, suitable for transplanting and restoration of degraded areas.
Keywords:
forest restoration; controlled-release fertilizer; tree seedling production; Amazonian species
Resumo
O êxito na restauração florestal com espécies nativas está ligado à produção de mudas com elevada qualidade morfofisiológica, obtida por meio de técnicas apropriadas de viveiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de Vouacapoua americana Aubl., espécie nativa da Amazônia, submetidas a diferentes doses do fertilizante de liberação controlada Osmocote® (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 g/planta-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela, totalizando 12 indivíduos por tratamento. A dose de 7,5 g/planta-1 proporcionou os melhores resultados para as variáveis morfológicas: altura da parte aérea, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total, com médias de 30,5 cm, 21,53 g, 6,72 g e 28,25 g, respectivamente. Para os parâmetros fisiológicos, observaram-se teores de clorofila total, nitrogênio foliar e temperatura da folha de 36,2 SPAD; 14,1 g N/planta-1 e 34,1 °C, respectivamente. O Índice de Qualidade de Dickson apresentou maior valor na dose de 7,5 g/planta-1 (4,0). Observou-se interação significativa entre os níveis de fertilizante e as variáveis morfológicas das mudas, com tendência de redução no crescimento nas doses mais elevadas. A dose de 7,5 g/planta-1 de Osmocote® foi a mais eficiente para o desenvolvimento de mudas vigorosas e equilibradas, aptas ao transplantio e à restauração de áreas degradadas.
Palavras-chave:
restauração florestal; fertilizante de liberação controlada; produção de mudas de árvores; espécies amazônicas
1. Introduction
Vouacapoua americana Aubl., commonly known as Acapú, is a tree species belonging to the Fabaceae family (Silva et al., 2023) and is widely distributed throughout the Amazon region. It can reach up to 40 meters in height and 2 meters in diameter, characterized by its extremely dense and resistant timber. As a shade-tolerant species in its juvenile stage, it establishes itself as a late secondary species in the forest ecological succession process, reaching the canopy when mature (Aragão and Almeida, 1997). In addition to its high economic value for the timber industry, the species plays a crucial ecological role in the structure and maintenance of forest ecosystems (World Flora Online, 2025). Seeds of V. americana do not present dormancy and exhibit epigeal germination, with emergence beginning around the 8th day after sowing and reaching up to 92% by the 23rd day. Natural dispersal is mainly carried out by rodents such as agoutis and pacas, which can transport the seeds more than 20 m away from the parent tree (Cruz and Pereira, 2016).
Despite this, there are few studies on this species (Maestri et al., 2021). Disorderly exploitation and the lack of efficient reforestation programs have threatened the natural populations of V. americana, necessitating studies that enhance the production of vigorous and adaptable seedlings. In this context, the nursery phase is decisive, as it determines the physiological and morphological quality of the plants, directly influencing their success in the field.
Currently, V. americana figures on the list of threatened or endangered species (Varty and Guadagnin, 1998), classified as critically endangered. The species is found on the list of endangered species of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (BRASIL, 2022). The susceptibility of a species to extinction is associated with several factors, such as distribution, biology, and human impacts like deforestation and climate change (Spanner et al., 2021).
Despite the extensive employment of V. americana in rural infrastructure (fences, posts, and corrals), critical gaps persist in our understanding of its ecological requirements and silvicultural management. Current literature lacks fundamental data on this species' regeneration patterns, spatial distribution, and growth characteristics - knowledge essential for developing science-based conservation strategies (Spanner et al., 2021). Among these knowledge gaps, the species' nutritional ecology remains particularly understudied, even though nutrient availability fundamentally determines seedling establishment success and subsequent growth performance.
The Brazilian forestry sector predominantly relies on conventional NPK fertilizers (Andriguetto et al., 2024), despite growing evidence that such immediate-release formulations may not meet the specific nutritional dynamics of native species. This practice persists due to market availability and operational convenience, though it fails to address the nuanced nutrient requirements during critical early growth phases. Recent studies suggest that controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) like Osmocote could provide more physiologically appropriate nutrient delivery, gradually supplying essential elements while preventing root damage from salt accumulation and reducing environmental losses through leaching (Paula et al., 2020; Jardim et al., 2023, 2024; Roubuste et al., 2025). This technological solution becomes particularly relevant given that natural substrates often cannot provide adequate nutrition throughout the entire growth cycle.
Recent studies in timber species, such as Pinus taeda, showed that the application of 3.0 kg of Osmocote combined with 1.0 kg of Basacote per m3 of substrate resulted in seedlings with better quality standards, highlighting the importance of specific dosages for each species (Flores et al., 2025). Therefore, CRF provides nutrients to target plants slowly over months, increasing the symmetry between nutrient availability and plant nutritional demand, in order to reduce nutrient loss and increase crop yield (Abdullah et al., 2023; Milhomem et al., 2025). Moreover, the use of CRF can promote benefits to plants, such as reducing the need for topdressing and reducing labor costs (Cunha et al., 2024).
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and quality of V. americana seedlings in response to different doses of Osmocote, analyzing morphological, physiological, and nutritional efficiency parameters, with the aim to establishing technical recommendations for sustainable seedling production.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study site
This study was conducted in two stages: the first stage consisted in seed collection in the Municipal Natural Park of Castanhal in geographic coordinates: 1°18'13.4"S, 47°55'12.6"W, in the municipality of Castanhal, Pará state, Brazil (Figure 1). The second stage included an experiment in the forest nursery of the State University of Pará – UEPA. The natural park is a 15-ha fragment of native forest, where several high value timber species occur, such as: Parapará (Jacaranda copaia Aulb. D. Don.), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl), Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll. Arg.), Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.), and Acapú (Vouacapoua americana Aubl.).
Study site in the Municipal Natural Park of Castanhal, municipality of Castanhal, Pará state, Brazil.
After collection V. americana seeds were taken to the Multi-user Biomaterials Laboratory – LMB of UEPA, where they underwent pre-selection to eliminate all damaged seeds or those with any anomaly that could interfere on germination. The preparation followed these steps: first, the substrate was prepared by mixing forest soil and clay in a 2:1 ratio (Figure 2a). Next, the substrate was placed into plastic seedling bags measuring 35 cm in height × 15 cm in diameter (Figure 2b). The seeds were then sown directly into these containers (Figure 2c). Finally, selected seedlings were used in the experiment testing different doses of Osmocote fertilizer (Figure 2d). The plants were then maintained in a nursery with 50% shade cloth, where they remained throughout the initial growth period at the State University of Pará (UEPA) forest nursery, being irrigated three times daily. These conditions were standardized, and the study was conducted between January and June 2025, corresponding to the less rainy season in the region. Thirty days after germination, 60 plants of uniform height were selected for testing different doses of Osmocote.
Arrangement steps of the experiment with Vouacapoua americana in the State University of Pará. (a) substrate preparation; (b) plastic bag used for seedling production; (c) V. americana seeds, and (d) seedlings selected for testing with different doses of Osmocote.
A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments (doses of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g of the ontrolled-release fertilizer Osmocote per plant) and three replicates with four plants each, totaling 12 plants per treatment. Osmocote was applied directly to the substrate in a circular manner around the plant, being covered with a 5 cm layer of substrate.
2.2. Data collection and analysis
Data collection was performed every 30 days, measuring shoot height (cm), stem collar diameter (mm), total chlorophyll, nitrogen, and leaf temperature. In each treatment plant, a leaf from the middle third was chosen and five points were collected with the SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode).
At 180 days after Osmocote application, the following variables were evaluated: a) shoot height (SH; cm), b) stem collar diameter (SCD; mm), c) total chlorophyll (SPAD units), d) nitrogen (g plant-1), e) leaf temperature (°C), f) shoot dry mass (SDM; g plant-1), g) root dry mass (RDM; g plant-1), h) total dry mass (TDM; g plant-1), and i) Dickson Quality Index (DQI).
The DQI was determined by the formula DQI = TDM/[(SH/SCD) + (SDM/RDM)], according to Dickson et al. (1960).
To evaluate the dry mass, six individuals per treatment were randomly selected. The seedlings were divided into shoots and roots by cutting at the height of the stem collar diameter. Both parts were placed separately in Kraft paper bags, identified and dried in an oven at 70 °C for 72 h until reaching a constant mass. Immediately after removal from the oven, the samples were weighed on an analytical balance (precision = 0.001 g) to obtain the shoot and root dry mass.
To verify the assumptions of analysis of variance (ANOVA), the data were analyzed for: a) normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test (p > 0.05) and visualization with the QQ plot graph (Crawley, 2012; Zuur et al., 2009), b) homoscedasticity by the Bartlett test (p > 0.05), and c) independence between experimental units. Once these assumptions were met, the data were submitted to ANOVA. Growth in height and stem collar diameter over the 180 days was submitted to repeated measures ANOVA over time. Regression analysis was used, and the equations were fitted to the obtained data as a function of the Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days using the AgroR package (Shimizu et al., 2025). The regression model for each variable was selected considering the significance of the variable coefficients and the highest coefficient of determination (R2). For significant quadratic relationships, the maximum technical efficiency was calculated as -β1/(2β2), where β1 and β2 are the estimated linear and quadratic coefficients, respectively. Graphs were generated using the “ggplot2” package (Wickham, 2016). All statistical analyses were performed using in the R version 4.5.2 program (R Core Team, 2025), at the p ≤ 0.05 significance level.
3. Results
Shoot height and stem collar diameter showed a positive linear growth trend with means of 28 ± 2.6 cm and 8.5 ± 0.66 mm, respectively (Figures 3A and 3B). This shows that Vouacapoua americana has very slow growth, since in 180 days it grew an average of 8 cm in height. This corresponds to a growth of 0.044 cm day-1 or 0.27 cm month-1.
Cumulative growth curves in shoot height (A) and stem collar diameter (B) of Vouacapoua americana seedlings obtained as a function of Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) over 180 days after transplanting.
The regression analysis of the V. americana seedlings height as a function of the Osmocote doses (Figure 4A), showed a significant increase, in which at the dose of 9 g plant-1, the plants reached the highest mean (30.5 ± 2.1 cm). From the dose of 12 g plant-1, a decline of approximately 2.5 cm was observed. The stem collar diameter adjusted to the polynomial regression model, reached the highest mean of 8.7 ± 0.21 mm at the dose of 9 g plant-1 (Figure 4B). The dose of maximum technical efficiency (DMET) for plant height and stem collar diameter were 7.5 and 10.4 g per plant-1, respectively.
Regression for shoot height (A) and stem collar diameter (B) of Vouacapoua americana seedlings obtained as a function of Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days after transplanting. MTE: maximum technical efficiency.
The total nitrogen and chlorophyll content increased over the 180 days (Figures 5A and 5B). Nitrogen peaked its lowest value (10.9 ± 2.07 g plant−1) at 30 days and, over the course of 180 days, increased to 14.1 ± 0.95 g plant−1. Total chlorophyll started at 25.6 ± 3.2 SPAD units and at 180 days it increased to 36.2 ± 3.0 SPAD units. Leaf temperature showed an increasing trend over time. An average of 32 ºC was observed at 30 days, reaching 34.1 ºC at 120 days (Figure 5C).
(A) Regression for nitrogen, (B) Total chlorophyll and (C) temperature of the leaves of Vouacapoua americana seedlings obtained as a function of the Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days after transplanting.
Regarding shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM) and total dry mass (TDM), there was a significant increase in relation to the different Osmocote doses over the biomass of V. Americana seedlings. All variables adjusted to the polynomial regression model. At the dose of 9 g plant-1, SDM, RDM, TDM presented the highest values, with means of 21.53 ± 1.99, 6.72 ± 0.64 and 28.25 ± 2.23 g plant-1 (Figure 6A, 6B, and 6C). For these variables, the dose of maximum technical efficiency was 7.5 g per plant-1.
(A) Regression for shoot dry mass (SDM); (B) root dry mass (RDM), and (C) total dry mass (TDM) of Vouacapoua americana seedlings obtained as a function of Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days after transplanting. MTE: maximum technical efficiency.
In relation to the shoot height/stem collar diameter (SH/SCD) ratio, shoot dry mass/root dry mass (SDM/RDM) ratio and Dickson quality index (DQI) of V. americana seedlings, the dose of 9 g plant-1 of Osmocote provided the greatest increase (Figure 7A, 7B, and C). The SH/SCD and SDM/RDM ratios showed mean values of 3.54 ± 0.25 and 3.22 ± 0.32 at the dose of 9 g plant-1, respectively. The highest average (4.18 ± 0.24) of the DQI was also observed at the dose of 9 g plant-1. For these variables, the dose of maximum technical efficiency was, respectively, 7.5, 7.5 and 7.7 g per plant-1.
(A) Regression for the shoot height/stem collar diameter (SH/SCD) ratio; (B) shoot dry mass/root dry mass (SDM/RDM) ratio, and (C) Dickson quality index (DQI) of Vouacapoua americana seedlings obtained as a function of Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days after transplanting. MTE: maximum technical efficiency.
As demonstrated by the correlation analysis (Figure 8), the DQI is a reliable quality parameter for V. americana seedlings, presenting a high correlation with the variables that compose it (SDM, RDM, and TDM, 1.00**; 0.99**, and 0.98**, respectively), as well as with SH, SCD, and SH/SCD. All variables correlated positively with values ≥ 0.83, however, not all presented a significant correlation. The lowest non-significant correlations occurred between SH and SDM/RDM (0.83ns), SH and SH/SCD (0.86ns) (Figure 8). Nevertheless, this did not affect the other variables.
Pearson correlation among morphological variables of Vouacapoua americana seedlings according to Osmocote doses (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0; and 12.0 g plant-1) at 180 days after transplanting. SH = Shoot height; SCD = Stem collar diameter; SH/SCD = Shoot height/Stem collar diameter ratio; SDM = Shoot dry mass; RDM = Root dry mass; TDM = Total dry mass; SDM/RDM = Shoot dry mass/root dry mass ratio; DQI = Dickson Quality Index.
4. Discussion
At this dose, the seedlings presented a mean height of 30.5 ± 2.1 cm and a stem collar diameter of 8.7 ± 0.21 mm, in addition to the highest averages of shoot biomass (21.53 ± 1 The results obtained in this study confirm the effectiveness of using controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) in the production of tree species seedlings, with the dose of 7.5 g plant-1 of Osmocote being the one that promoted the best technical efficiency for the morphological performance in Vouacapoua americana. The cause for this behavior is the saturation of nutrient uptake and utilization capacity by V. americana seedlings. Up to the optimal dose (7.5 g plant−1), nutrients released by Osmocote® adequately supplied the plant's metabolic demand, promoting maximum growth. However, at the higher doses (9 and 12 g plant−1), the nutrient release rate may exceed the root absorption capacity and the plant's physiological assimilation capacity. This excess of fertilizer also leads to nutrient imbalance or toxicity, which becomes the primary limiting factor for seedling growth.
At this dose, the seedlings presented a mean height of 30.5 ± 2.1 cm and a stem collar diameter of 8.7 ± 0.21 mm, in addition to the highest averages of shoot biomass (21.53 ± 1.99 g), root (6.72 ± 0.64 g), and total dry mass (28.25 ± 2.23 g). The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) also reached its highest value (4.18 ± 0.24), characterizing more vigorous seedlings adapted to field planting, that is, the DQI is higher in fertilizer doses compared to the absence of fertilizer (Jardim et al., 2023). DQI values greater than 1.0 indicate high biomass production (Oliveira et al., 2020), resulting in high-quality seedlings.
For the SH/SCD ratio, values below 10 indicate good quality seedlings and a higher survival rate in the field, while high values indicate risk of tipping over (Souza et al., 2023), due to an imbalance between growth in height and stem diameter.
Souza et al. (2025) observed that plants cultivated with a dose of 8 g L-1 of CRF incorporated into the substrate showed precocious growth in height and stem diameter when compared to the other doses tested. It is noted that the present study corroborates the results of Silva et al. (2025), in which the authors, when evaluating Cordia trichotoma seedlings, found that the CRFs Basacote (NPK 15-8-12) and Phusion (09-40-00) provided greater shoot height, root length, total dry mass, and higher DQI. This combination allowed better shoot and root development, indicating that the prolonged supply of nutrients favors the seedlings initial growth.
The appropriate choice of substrate directly influences the seedlings performance, especially in slow-growing species such as V. americana. A bibliometric analysis carried out by Rodrigues et al. (2025) showed that the use of local organic and organic-mineral substrates, with their high biological potential, represents an advantageous alternative for the seedling production of Amazonian timber species, combining sustainability and biological benefits in the cultivation process.
Physiological quality was also affected by different fertilizer dosages, that is, nitrogen and chlorophyll contents increased over 180 days, as nitrogen initially reached 14.1 ± 0.95 g plant-1 and total chlorophyll reached 36.2 ± 3.0 SPAD. These parameters are essential because nitrogen is an essential element for plants, as it is present in the composition of amino acids, amides, proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes, chlorophylls, and secondary metabolites, all directly or indirectly related to biochemical and physiological processes essential for plant growth (Leal et al., 2020). Furthermore, the use of CRF is advantageous for species that require continuous supply of nutrients throughout initial development, such as slow-growing tree species (Rodrigues et al., 2025).
Studies indicate that the increase in leaf area is directly correlated with the increase in the number of leaves per plant (Menegatti et al., 2022), which provides greater efficiency in the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon (Souza et al., 2020). This assimilation is directly linked to the energy availability required for growth in the initial phase of plant development. Moreover, defining the ideal dose allows for efficient use of the input, avoiding fertilizer waste and thus reducing production costs (Menegatti et al., 2022). Besides this, the shoot dry mass/root dry mass (SDM/RDM) ratio observed indicated a balance in the biomass allocation of seedlings treated with 9 g plant-1, pattern also identified by Silva et al. (2025) in C. trichotoma, when analyzed the SDM/RDM ratio as indicative parameter of quality, especially under nursery conditions with controlled fertilization.
According to Dias et al. (2022), RDM has been considered one of the best parameters for classifying high quality seedlings, indicating rusticity, and having a direct link with the survival and performance of seedlings after planting in the field. The authors also state that the ideal SDM/RDM ratio should be close to 2.0. SDM/RDM ratio values are generally higher in low-fertility substrates, which may be a plant strategy to extract the maximum amount of nutrients. The result between SDM and the total dry mass (TDM) are similar, since SDM represents a higher percentage of TDM, a fact confirmed by the Pearson correlation (Dias et al., 2022; Jardim et al., 2023).
Hence, the present study, together with the study of Silva et al. (2025), showed that the appropriate dose of fertilizer is decisive for the production of high quality seedlings. Therefore, the use of CRF, when applied in appropriate dosages, promotes uniform and resistant growth that is capable of adapting in the field, optimizing the resources used in nurseries, in order to increase the efficiency in forest restoration processes.
5. Conclusions
The application of 7.5 g plant-1 of the controlled-release fertilizer Osmocote promoted the most efficient morpho-physiological performance of Vouacapoua americana seedlings, demonstrated for most morphological variables. The application 7.7 g plant-1 of Osmocote resulted in better morphological quality of V. americana seedlings. It is recommended to apply a dose of 7.5 g of Osmocote per plant toV. americanaseedlings to achieve maximum technical efficiency.
-
Data Availability Statement
The research data generated and analyzed in this study are not publicly available. However, they may be made available by the corresponding author upon request, provided that the use is strictly for academic purposes and in accordance with ethical principles. Data sharing is subject to compliance with institutional guidelines for the management and dissemination of research information.
References
-
ABDULLAH, H.S., KASIM, S., MUSA, A.M., AZIM, A.A.A. and AMIN, A.M., 2023. A review on industrial by-products as materials to coat compound fertilizer. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.7219
» https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.7219 -
ANDRIGUETTO, K.V., WAIMER, G.C., SANTOS, B.M.S., TURCHETTO, F., GRIEBELER, A.M. and ARAUJO, M.M., 2024. The influence of fertilizer type and Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on the growth and physiology of young plants of Cordia americana. Floresta, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. e-89616. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v54i1.89616
» https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v54i1.89616 - ARAGÃO, I.L.G. and ALMEIDA, S.S., 1997 [viewed 14 Oct 2025]. Estrutura ecológica comparada de populações de acapu (Vouacapoua americana Aubl., Caesalpiniaceae) em duas florestas de terra-firme na Amazônia Oriental. In: P.L.B. LISBOA, ed. Caxiuanã Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, vol. 1, pp. 273-290.
- BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente – MMA, 2022. Portaria n. 148, de 7 de junho de 2022 Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasilia, Seção 1, n. 108, pp. 74-162.
- CRAWLEY, M.J., 2012. The R book Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
-
CRUZ, E.D. and PEREIRA, A.G., 2016 [viewed 15 Sep 2025]. Germinação de sementes de espécies amazônicas: acapu (Vouacapoua americana Aubl.) [online]. Belém: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Comunicado Técnico, vol. 288. Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/amazonia-oriental/publicacoes
» https://www.embrapa.br/amazonia-oriental/publicacoes -
CUNHA, F.L., NIERI, E.M., ALMEIDA, R.S., DINIZ, P.C., MELO, L.A. and VENTURIN, N., 2024. Initial growing and management in Eucalyptus clones plantations using controlled release fertilizers. Floresta, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. e-87153. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v54i1.87153
» https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v54i1.87153 -
DIAS, C.R.G., EMÍLIO, M. and SERROTE, C.M.L., 2022. Evaluation of the growth of seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss on different substrates. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 168-175. https://doi.org/10.5965/223811712122022168
» https://doi.org/10.5965/223811712122022168 -
DICKSON, A., LEAF, A.L. and HOSNER, J.F., 1960. Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedling stock in nurseries. Forestry Chronicle, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 10-13. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc36010-1
» https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc36010-1 - FLORES, R.S., GAMA-RODRIGUES, A.C. and OLIVEIRA, D.P., 2025. Quality of Pinus taeda L. seedlings in response to fertilization with controlled-release fertilizers. Revista Árvore, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. e18380.
-
JARDIM, I.N., MATOS, M.N., ROSÁRIO, M.P. and HAMADA, M.O.S., 2023. Osmocote® proporciona melhores mudas de Calophyllum brasilienese Cambess. Scientia Plena, vol. 19, no. 9. https://doi.org/10.14808/sci.plena.2023.090203
» https://doi.org/10.14808/sci.plena.2023.090203 -
JARDIM, I.N., OLIVEIRA, J.C., HAMADA, M.O.S. and OLIVEIRA, I.A., 2024. Osmocote® promotes positive responses in the growth and nutrition of Lecythis lurida seedlings (Lecythidaceae). Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias. Lages, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 565-574. https://doi.org/10.5965/223811712342024565
» https://doi.org/10.5965/223811712342024565 -
LEAL, Y.H., SOUSA, V.F.O., DIAS, T.J., SILVA, T.I., LEAL, M.P.S., SOUZA, A.G., LUCENA, M.F.R., RODRIGUES, L.S. and SMIDERLE, O.J., 2020. Edaphic respiration in bell pepper cultivation under biological fertilizers, doses and application times. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 434-442. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i6.2118
» https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i6.2118 -
MAESTRI, M.P., RUSCHEL, A.R., PORRO, R., AQUINO, M.G.C. and MILÉO, R.C., 2021. Community Forest Management of the Virola Jatobá Sustainable Development Project: scenarios for the exploration of Vouacapoua americana Aublet. Biodiversidade Brasileira, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v11i1.1494
» https://doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v11i1.1494 -
MENEGATTI, R., SOUZA, A.G. and BIANCHI, V.J., 2022. Nutritional status of ‘BRS Rubimel’ peach plants in the nursery as a function of the rootstock. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. e54327. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v44i1.54327
» https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v44i1.54327 -
MILHOMEM, C.A., DIONISIO, L.F.S., SOUZA, A.G. and SMIDERLE, O.J., 2025. Bioregulators Stimulate® and Acadian® as growth stimulants for Mezilaurus itauba TAUB. EX MEZ seedlings. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 861-874. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2025v46n3p861
» https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2025v46n3p861 -
OLIVEIRA, H.F.E., XAVIER, P.S., MESQUITA, M., CAMPOS, H.M., SALOMÃO, L.C. and VALE, L.S.R., 2020. Desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de mogno africano em função de susbtratos e lâminas de irrigação. Brazilian Journal of Development, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 20475-20482. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n4-283
» https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n4-283 -
PAULA, J.C.B., JÚNIOR, W.A.R., SHIMIZU, G.D., MEN, G.B. and FARIA, R.T., 2020. Fertilizante de liberação controlada no crescimento inicial da orquídea Phalaenopsis sp. Revista Cultura Agronômica, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 289-299. https://doi.org/10.32929/2446-8355.2020v29n2p289-299
» https://doi.org/10.32929/2446-8355.2020v29n2p289-299 -
R CORE TEAM, 2025 [viewed 12 May 2025]. R: a language and environment for statistical computing [online]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.r-project.org/
» https://www.r-project.org/ -
RODRIGUES, J.I.M., MILHOMEM, C.A., SANTIAGO, W.R., SANTOS JÚNIOR, R.F., MARTINS, W.B.R. and OLIVEIRA, F.A., 2025. Organic and organomineral substrates are the most used for the production of seedlings of amazonian forest species. Nativa (Sinop), vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 178-188. https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v13i2.18959
» https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v13i2.18959 -
ROUBUSTE, R.R., SALDANHA, C.W., MISSIO, E.L., ARAUJO, M.M., GASPARIN, E. and MALDANER, J., 2025. Controlled release fertilizer and container volume improve the seedling morphophysiology of Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus HASSL. Floresta, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. e95139. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v55i1.95139
» https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v55i1.95139 -
SHIMIZU, G.D., MARUBAYASHI, R.Y.P. and GONÇALVES, L.S.A., 2025. AgroR: an R package and a Shiny interface for agricultural experiment analysis. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v47i1.73889
» https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v47i1.73889 -
SILVA, B., HERRERA, R., GARCIA, M., ROCHA, T., RODRIGUES, H., SILVA, G.A.S. and CRUZ, C.P. 2023. Featuring the phenological behavior of Vouacapoua americana Aubl. Authorea Preprints https://doi.org/10.22541/au.168837447.75307500/v1
» https://doi.org/10.22541/au.168837447.75307500/v1 -
SILVA, T.R., MILHOMEM, C.A., SILVA, D.C.V., DIAS, F.F., SILVA, C.M., CABRAL, V.B., BARDALES-LOZANO, R.M., SCHWARTZ, G. and DIONISIO, L.F.S., 2025. Seedling quality of Cordia trichotoma under different container volumes and fertilizers. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 85, pp. e288394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.288394 PMid:40105667.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.288394 -
SOUZA, A.G., ALVES, E.U., MENEGATTI, R.D. and SMIDERLE, O.J., 2025 [viewed 12 May 2025]. Doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada afetam o crescimento inicial e os mecanismos fisiológicos e nutricionais de Anonna cacans?. In: OLIVEIRA, J.C., ed. Avanços em agricultura e tecnologia [online]. São Paulo: Editora Científica Digital, Chap. 2, pp. 27-37. Available from: https://downloads.editoracientifica.com.br/articles/241218442.pdf
» https://downloads.editoracientifica.com.br/articles/241218442.pdf -
SOUZA, A.G., SMIDERLE, O.J., MONTENEGRO, R.A., MORIYAMA, T.K. and DIAS, T.J., 2020. Controlled-release fertiliser and substrates on seedling growth and quality in Agonandra brasiliensis in Roraima. Journal of Agricultural Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 70-80. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16363
» https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16363 -
SOUZA, C.O., PASSOS, R.R. and GONÇALVES, E.O., 2023. Biochar as substrate conditioner for the production of seedling of native forest species. Research, Social Development, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. e2712943156. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i9.43156
» https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i9.43156 -
SPANNER, G.C., HERRERA, R.C., ALVAREZ, W.P., LIMA, L.O. and LIMA, A.J.N., 2021. Potential distribution of Vouacapoua americana Aubl. in the Brazilian Amazon and the impact of the change in land use. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1094-1115. https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p1094-1115
» https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p1094-1115 -
VARTY, N. and GUADAGNIN, D.L., 1998. Vouacapoua americana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998:e.T33918A9820054. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33918A9820054.en
» https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33918A9820054.en - WICKHAM, H., 2016. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis New York: Springer-Verlag.
-
WORLD FLORA ONLINE, 2025 [viewed 14 September 2025]. Vouacapoua Aubl World Flora Online [online]. Available from: http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000040438
» http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000040438 -
ZUUR, A.F., IENO, E.N., WALKER, N.J., SAVELIEV, A.A. and SMITH, G.M., 2009. Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6
» https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6
Edited by
-
Editor:
Jairo Lizandro Schmitt
The research data generated and analyzed in this study are not publicly available. However, they may be made available by the corresponding author upon request, provided that the use is strictly for academic purposes and in accordance with ethical principles. Data sharing is subject to compliance with institutional guidelines for the management and dissemination of research information.
