|
Tilapia (Nile fish)
|
Vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae (bacterial infection) |
Factorial controlled trial (dietary supplement + vaccine) |
Experimental fish tanks (aquaculture research) |
Thymomodulin (calf thymus acid lysate) mixed in feed |
0.3% of feed for 30 days pre-vaccination |
Oral (in feed) |
Vaccinated fish without thymomodulin (and unvaccinated controls) |
↑ Specific anti-Streptococcus antibody titers post-vaccination; enhanced innate protection indicators (unspecified, presumed phagocyte activity) |
↑ Survival after live S. agalactiae challenge (improved disease resistance); overall protection better than vaccine-alone group |
Indirect: healthier fish -> less antibiotic use in aquaculture (reducing AMR risk) |
Single species and pathogen; short-term observation (post-challenge only); done in controlled lab setting (may differ in field ponds) |
Population/Context (only tilapia, Strep vaccine context) |
|
Chicken (Layer chicks)
|
Newcastle Disease vaccination (viral vaccine) |
Controlled trial, two groups (with vs. without extract) |
Experimental farm setting (research flock) |
Calf Thymus Extract (CTE, thymic proteins) |
1.8 mg (protein) per bird, i.p. one week before and after each vaccination (two vaccine rounds) |
Intra-peritoneal injection |
Vaccinated control group (no CTE) |
↑ NDV antibody titers (HI titers); ↑ serum globulins; ↑ blood lymphocyte percentage; enhanced cell-mediated immunity (stronger DTH/cell response) |
Not directly measured (presumed better protection; outcome: significant immunopotentiation of vaccine) |
Indirect: improved livestock vaccine response -> food security, less risk of NDV spread to wild birds |
No challenge infection to confirm clinical protection; one breed/strain of chickens; extract dosing via injection not practical for large flocks |
Context/
Design (artificial setting, immunological endpoints only) |
|
Cat (domestic short-hair)
|
Disseminated sporotrichosis (fungal infection), severe cutaneous form |
Prospective controlled trial (adjunct therapy vs. standard care) |
Veterinary clinical setting (Brazil; pet cats) |
Thymomodulin (Leucogen®) adjunct to antifungals |
4 mg/kg daily, with standard itraconazole + potassium iodide therapy (8-12 weeks) |
Oral (capsules or suspension) |
Standard antifungal therapy alone (no thymomodulin) |
↑ Immunoglobulins (not measured in this study, but other cat studies show Ig rise) - primary immune outcome not directly reported in this study, focus was clinical |
Doubled survival rate (94% vs 53%); faster lesion healing and recovery; improved body condition |
Yes - Sporothrix is zoonotic; treating cats more effectively lowers human exposure risk |
Not randomized (allocation by owner consent); moderate sample (n≈35); all cats from one region/epidemic; no detailed immune profiling |
Design (lack RCT rigor; no immune markers) |
|
Cat
|
FeLV infection (feline leukemia virus, causing immunosuppression) |
Uncontrolled pilot study (pre/post comparison) |
Veterinary clinic / academic study (Brazil) |
Thymomodulin (Leucogen®) as immunostimulant therapy |
10 mg per cat, twice weekly for 4 weeks (exact regimen not |
Oral (by capsule) or subcutaneous (unclear) |
No placebo or control (baseline values as reference) |
↑ IgG and IgA levels post-therapy; normalization of WBC counts (improved lymphocyte counts noted) |
Not reported in detail; anecdotal reports of improved vitality, fewer secondary infections |
Indirect: FeLV is not zoonotic, but stronger immunity may reduce co-infections that can carry zoonotic agents (e.g. toxoplasmosis) |
Forthcoming study, limited data; very small sample; no control group or randomization; outcomes mainly laboratory values |
Design/Reporting (pilot data, lacks controls) |
| Mouse (laboratory strain) |
Helminth infection - Trichinella spiralis (parasitic nematode) |
Repeated experimental infection studies (treated vs untreated infected mice) |
Lab research setting (parasitology experiments) |
Thymus extract (TFX-Thymomodulin® from calf thymus) |
~10-20 mg/kg, injected s.c. or i.p., given post-infection |
Subcutaneous / Intraperitoneal |
Infected mice without immunomodulator |
↑ Inflammatory leukocytes around larval cysts in muscle; ↑ apoptotic lymphocyte percentage in infected tissues (suggesting immune activation); modulated T-cell phenotypes (infection-induced changes enhanced) |
↓ Muscle larval burden (fewer T. spiralis larvae survived); faster parasite clearance from tissues |
Not direct (lab model of zoonotic parasite - implies potential to reduce transmission if applied in food animals or wildlife) |
Animal model only, not a natural host (mice, not pigs/humans who get Trichinella); high experimental parasite doses; different extract preps across studies; translational relevance to field conditions unknown |
Context (model-specific, not directly field-applied) |
|
Rat (Lewis strain)
|
Autoimmune EAE (Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis - model of multiple sclerosis) |
Experimental therapeutic trial (induced EAE, treated vs placebo) |
Laboratory (neurological disease model) |
Calf thymus extract (TFX®) or fraction thereof (peptide mix) |
10 mg/kg, intramuscular, given as both prophylactic (pre-disease) and therapeutic (during disease) in different arms |
Intramuscular injection |
EAE induced rats without TFX (saline injections) |
↑ Regulatory immune effects inferred: reduced inflammatory markers in CNS, limited demyelination (exact immune assays not given, but improved immunological milieu in CNS) |
↓ Clinical severity of paralysis; histological improvement in spinal cord lesions; delayed onset of symptoms |
Not direct (rat model for human disease; no immediate zoonotic link) |
Specific to MS model in rodents; relevance to veterinary neuro diseases unclear; small n; outcomes partly subjective (clinical scoring) |
Context/Population (species-specific model, not generalizable) |
|
Pregnant Sow (pig)
|
Prophylaxis for neonatal immunity - improve colostrum quality |
Field trial (supplements vs none in late gestation) |
Farm setting (breeding herd) |
Thymus extract (TFX®) as feed supplement during pregnancy |
~20 mg per day in feed, last 3-4 weeks of gestation (with vitamins in regimen; from study protocol) |
Oral (feed additive) |
Pregnant sows with no immunostimulant supplement |
↑ Colostrum IgG concentration; ↑ colostral total protein and lysozyme (enhanced innate factors); no negative effect on sow health |
Not directly measured in study, but expected: heavier piglets, lower piglet mortality (not reported; authors infer better passive transfer may improve piglet survival) |
Yes - stronger passive immunity in livestock -> less neonatal disease, reducing need for antibiotics (impact on AMR and food safety) |
Combination of interventions (TFX plus other additives, results not isolated); no follow-up on piglet health; single farm study |
Design (confounded intervention; lacking direct piglet outcome data) |
Thymomodulin as an Immunomodulatory Agent in Animal Species: a Scoping Review on Animal Health Impacts, One Health Interfaces, and Translational Relevance
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