Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Neste artigo pretendemos abordar o modo como a tirania e o tirano são apresentados na República, diálogo platônico sobre o qual iremos circunscrever o presente exame. Nosso interesse emerge do ressurgimento, em pleno século XXI, de regimes democraticamente eleitos que, todavia, flertam com o autoritarismo. A tese defendida por Sócrates em República VIII (562b-563e), segundo a qual a tirania nasce do interior da democracia, evidencia as contradições inerentes a esse regime de governo desde seus primórdios, ajudando-nos a repensá-lo nos dias atuais. Para efeito do presente exame, acompanhamos o surgimento do tema da tirania desde o primeiro livro do diálogo, até chegar ao enfoque propriamente dito desse regime nos livros VIII e IX, em que nos deparamos com o surpreendente argumento de que em cada um de nós habita um tirano adormecido (Rep. IX, 576b4-6). A analogia cidade-alma proposta em República II, bem como a tese da alma compósita, em República IV, servem de eixos norteadores para a nossa reflexão.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: Hereby we intend to examine the way by which tyranny and the tyrant are presented in Republic, a Platonic dialogue around which we will circumscribe the present study. Our interest emerges from the resurgence, in the 21st century, of democratically elected regimes that, however, flirt with authoritarianism. Socrates’ thesis, presented in Republic VIII (562b-563e), according to which tyranny arises from within democracy, highlights the contradictions inherent in this government regime since its beginnings, helping us to rethink it today. For the purposes of this study we follow the emergence of the issue of tyranny from the first book of the dialogue, until we reach the proper examination of this regime in books VIII and IX, up to which we are faced with the surprising argument that inside each one of us inhabits a sleeping tyrant (Rep.IX, 576b4-6). The city-soul analogy proposed in Republic II, as well as the composite soul thesis in Republic IV work as guiding conceptions of our investigation.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to show, based on Aristotle’s theory of scientific demonstration, how soul plays the role of explanatory cause of life in De Anima (henceforth de An.) 2.1-4. Firstly, I evaluate Aristotle’s requirement, in Posterior Analytics (henceforth APo) 1.2 and 2.16, that universal demonstrations must satisfy a coextensional criterion between a given explanandum (A-term) and its most appropriate explanans (B-term). In addition, I argue that this criterion does not entail a causal symmetry between both those terms. Following Angioni (2014a) and Zuppolini (2018), I argue that, whenever one is before apparent multiple-causes scenario cases(in which there seems to be more than one possible cause to the same explanandum(, one shall still find a unified and fully appropriate explanation of that explanandum. In the second part of this paper, I examine an example from de An. 2.1-4 in view of APo 2.16-17. I argue that soul might be pointed out as the explanatory principle (B) that explains why life (A) belongs to a living body (C). Also, I argue that, although there is a core-dependent homonymy taking place between plants (γ1), animals (γ2) and the nutritive capacity (α1), the nutritive soul (β1) plays the role of an incidental factor (συμβεβηκός) in the context of a scientific demonstration that has by explananda whatsoever attributes (αn) that belong to animals (γ2) qua living beings endowed with a perceptive soul (β1) that explains why attributes (αn) belong to them.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This paper aims to establish a homology between two forms of art: the portraits of Octavian Augustus and Augustan poetry, particularly the works of Horace, Ovid, Propertius, and Virgil. The theoretical frameworks of Nora (1989), Assmann (1995 and 2011), Halbwachs (1968), and Galinsky (2014-2016) are mobilized to support the argument that both artistic expressions can be interpreted as vehicles of collective memory and cultural memory, serving the perpetuation of power and art

Resumen en Italiano:

Sommario: Nella prima parte del Teeteto, Platone si confronta con la posizione protagorea, interpretando la massima dell’homo mensura su base sensoriale. Lo scopo del dialogo è quello di ricercare e definire in che cosa consista la scienza, identificata in un primo momento con la percezione. Il presente contributo propone un esame analitico della discussione che Socrate conduce con Teodoro e Teeteto, due matematici che veicolano il pensiero di Protagora. Viene quindi messa in evidenza l’operazione teoretica attraverso cui Platone, da una parte, rivolge al pensiero del sofista critiche mirate, mostrando l’impossibilità di considerare la percezione di ogni singolo essere umano una base conoscitiva, dall’altra, ne valorizza il contributo in funzione di una migliore caratterizzazione del ruolo della percezione nella conoscenza. Tale discussione, se considerata in relazione a quanto affermato nella Lettera Settima, si rivela utile per chiarire un momento centrale dell’articolata visione gnoseologica di Platone.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In the first part of the Theaetetus, Plato engages with the Protagorean position, interpreting the homo mensura maxim on a sensory basis. The dialogue aims to investigate and define the nature of knowledge, initially identified with perception. This study offers an analytical examination of the discussion Socrates conducts with Theodorus and Theaetetus, two mathematicians who convey Protagoras’s thought. It highlights the theoretical approach through which Plato, on the one hand, directs precise criticisms at the sophist’s view, demonstrating the impossibility of considering individual human perception as a cognitive foundation, and on the other, acknowledges its contribution to better defining the role of perception in knowledge. When considered in relation to Letter VII, this discussion proves useful in clarifying a central aspect of Plato’s complex epistemological vision.

Resumen en Español:

Resumen: En este trabajo pretendemos defender la idea planteada por Michael Flower (2016) de que la piedad es un sine qua non del liderazgo efectivo de Jenofonte y además justificar el hecho de que el modelo de líder en Jenofonte es antes que nada o “primero” un seguidor de los dioses. Utilizaremos para esto ejemplos del uso de adivinación en dos textos. En primer lugar se expondrán los consejos que ofrece Jenofonte en uno de sus tratados didácticos, el Hipárquico o Comandante de Caballería. Este breve texto fue escrito basado en su experiencia personal como soldado mercenario y comandante y en él ofrece sus consejos sobre cómo convertirse en un buen comandante. En segundo lugar presentaremos las aplicaciones prácticas de los consejos del Hipárquico en Anábasis, que exhibe una de las descripciones más completas en materia de adivinación desde un relato de primera mano. Aquí se presentan las principales formas de adivinación griega: la consulta al oráculo de Delfos, extispicina (lectura de entrañas), augurios (interpretación de vuelos de aves) y la aparición de presagios de suerte o señales.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This paper’s goal is to defend the thesis put forward by Michael Flower (2016) that piety is a sine qua non of effective leadership of Xenophon and also justify the fact that the model of leader in Xenophon is "first" (and foremost) a follower of the gods. We will present examples of the use of divination in two main texts. First of all, we will present the advice offered by Xenophon in one of his didactic treatises, the Hipparchicus or Cavalry Commander. This short text was written based on his personal experience as a mercenary soldier and commander and in it he offers his advice on how to become a good commander. In the second place I shall present the practical applications of the counsels of the Hipparchicus in Anabasis, which exhibits one of the most complete descriptions of divination from a first-hand account. Here the main forms of Greek divination are presented: consultation of the oracle at Delphi, extispicine (reading of entrails), omens (interpretation of bird flights), and the appearance of omens of luck or signs.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O mito de Thoth no Fedro alude explicitamente ao Egito e é possível encontrar paralelos com textos escritos em egípcio, evidenciando que Platão teria algum conhecimento sobre a Filosofia Egípcia. Este artigo destacará alguns paralelos e comentará a bibliografia a respeito, pois são artigos e capítulos escritos em línguas diferentes e que não conversam entre si. A exposição comentará o Livro de Thoth e discutirá as semelhanças temáticas com o conto Setne I, em relação ao papel duplo da escrita como φάρμακον. Em seguida, apresentará a relação entre textos egípcios e o Fedro. Com isso, será possível não só mostrar o estado da arte desta discussão, mas aprofundar questões relacionadas a essas duas concepções divergentes quanto ao papel da escrita e a transmissão do conhecimento.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In Phaedrus, the myth of Thoth explicitly alludes to Egypt and it is possible to find parallels with texts written in Egyptian, showing that Plato had some knowledge of Egyptian philosophy. This article will highlight some of the parallels and comment on this bibliography, since they are articles and chapters written in different languages and that do not converse with each other. It will comment on the Book of Thoth and discuss the thematic similarities with the tale Setne I, in relation to the dual role of writing as φάρμακον. It will then examine the relationship between Egyptian texts and Phaedrus. In doing so, it will be possible not only to show the state of the art of this discussion, but also to explore in greater depth the issues surrounding these two divergent conceptions of the role of writing and the transmission of knowledge.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O antigo Mar do Ponto, hoje conhecido como Mar Negro, é um dos mais importantes da história. No período helenístico, ficou conhecido o argumento segundo o qual ele se tornaria um pântano raso, dado o seu aluvionamento e a ignorância com relação a esse processo. Ao propormos um diálogo da História Antiga com a História Ambiental, partimos do conceito recente de desastre socioambiental e o aproximamos à tipologia do desastre nas Histórias de Políbio (c. 200 - c. 117 A.E.C.) e à sua investigação sobre o Mar do Ponto. O nosso objetivo é compreender a semântica dessa experiência e de refletir sobre a historicidade da consciência humana de sua dependência do ambiente. Por isso recorremos à linguagem na qual essa experiência se conceptualiza na medida em que as ações humanas e o destino do mar são temporalmente articulados pelo autor. Concluímos, enfim, que há similaridades expressivas entre a semântica contemporânea e a antiga, dado que Políbio advogava por uma ética consequente do ser humano de investigar para melhor se adaptar ao ambiente. Esperamos, igualmente, que este seja um ensejo para fortalecer os laços entre História Antiga e História Ambiental.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The ancient Pontic Sea, known nowadays as the Black Sea, is one of the most important in history. During the Hellenistic period, the argument that it would become a shallow swamp, due to its alluviation and people's ignorance of this process, became well known. In proposing a dialogue between Ancient History and Environmental History, we depart from the recent concept of socioenvironmental disaster in order to bring it closer to the typology of disaster in Polybius’ Histories (c. 200 - c. 117 B.C.E.), and of his investigation of the Pontic Sea. Our aim is to understand the semantics of this experience and to reflect on the historicity of human awareness of its dependence on the environment. Accordingly, we focus our analysis on the language in which this experience is conceptualized insofar as human actions and the fate of the sea are temporally articulated by the author. Finally, we conclude that there are expressive similarities between the contemporary and ancient semantics of disaster, given that Polybius advocated a consistent human ethic of investigating so as to people better adapt themselves to the environment. We also hope this to be a suggestion to strengthen ties between Ancient History and Environmental History.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This article integrates theoretical concepts not typically associated with ancient history, including generation, elite theory, and the horizon of expectation. It examines how political tensions in ancient Athens are culturally expressed in theatre, focusing on Euripides’ Orestes. Through the lens of historical consciousness and memory, the study explores how historical meaning is attributed and how existential temporality influences the interpretation of the past and present. The paper addresses whether rhetorical positions defending antidemocratic policies can be discerned in theatrical performances, identifying threats to democratic governance and the political arenas where crucial decisions are made. By analyzing Euripides’ Orestes (lines 682-775), the article aims to uncover the city’s response to political crises during the Peloponnesian War.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O artigo investiga o significado da metáfora sexual presente nas caracterizações da arte maiêutica do Teeteto e dos amantes fecundos na psique do Banquete. Embora o “método socrático”, no Teeteto, seja ilustrado como uma prática análoga a um parto e a atividade de Sócrates seja comparada à de uma parteira, o texto também menciona outros estágios sucessivos da reprodução sexual humana, assim como outras funções associadas aos fenômenos eróticos são atribuídas a Sócrates. No Banquete, por seu turno, a personagem de Diotima descreve a prática educacional de dois tipos especiais de amante por meio de uma analogia que também evoca a imagética da reprodução sexual. As duas analogias são expostas detalhadamente e, então, o artigo problematiza o sentido de termos associados ao verbo κυεῖν em passagens dos dois diálogos, mostrando que o sentido varia entre “estar prenhe” e “ser fecundo”. Por fim, propõe-se pensar o objeto de gestação e aborto no nível intelectual a partir da noção de γένος, enquanto no nível ético o amante e aqueles que ele educa concebem e geram as excelências como produto de um processo análogo à fecundidade natural de um casal humano.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This article intends to interpret the meaning of the sexual metaphor present in the characterization of the maieutic art of the Theaetetus as well as in the description of the psychically fecund lovers of the Symposium. Even though the “Socratic method” is illustrated as a practice comparable to birth giving, and Socrates’ activity is compared to midwifery, the text also mentions other successive stages of human reproduction, and other functions related to erotic phenomena are attributed to Socrates. Notably, in the Symposium, the character Diotima describes the educational practice of two special kinds of lovers through an analogy that also alludes to sexual imagery. The two analogies are scrutinized and then the article problematizes the meaning of terms associated with the verb κυεῖν in selected passages of the two dialogues, showing that the meaning varies between “being pregnant” and “being fecund”. Finally, the article presents the object of gestation and abortion at the intellectual level through the notion of γένος, and proposes that, in the ethical level, the educational lover and the one he educates conceive of and generate the excellences as a product of a process analogous to the natural fecundity of a human pair.

Resumen en Italiano:

Estratto: Scopo di questo contributo è presentare il tema della correlazione fra tragedia e commedia a partire da alcuni passi dei dialoghi platonici, allo scopo di mostrare come tale connessione risulti autorizzata almeno sotto un duplice aspetto: lo sfondo culturale al quale i dialoghi si ispirano, nel quale simili contaminazioni fra la tragedia e la commedia sono attestate; l’intento platonico di chiarire la causa psicologica e ontologica della mescolanza fra piacere e dolore, rinvenibile soprattutto nella vita sensibile e nelle anime incarnate, e di valutare la drammaturgia a partire da quest’indagine causale. Si accenna, in questa cornice, alla possibilità che possa esistere una drammaturgia filosofica, in cui gli aspetti negativi di quella popolare sono evitati grazie alla conoscenza della struttura della realtà e dell’anima.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present some aspects of the correlation between tragedy and comedy from some passages of Platonic dialogues, in order to show that this connection goes back to at least two issues: the cultural background, on which the dialogues depend, where such contaminations between tragedy and comedy are attested; Platonic intent to clarify the psychological and ontological causes of the mixture of pleasure and pain, and to evaluate the dramaturgy from this causal investigation. In such a framework, there are some hints at the possibility of a philosophical drama, where problems of popular art are avoided, thanks to knowledge of both the structure of reality and that of the soul.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Aristóteles nos diz na Metafísica que Ferécides não teria dito tudo em linguagem mitológica (1091b8), pois, em seu diálogo com a tradição mítica, nos fornece uma cosmologia não somente marcada pela ação dos deuses. Em sua narrativa sobre a origem do cosmo, Ferécides apresenta potências divinas originais gerando a partir de elementos como água, ar e fogo. Uma dessas potências divinas, Zás, age amorosamente, e não guerreiramente, bordando um manto e transformando-se em Eros para poder adquirir a potência da geração de tudo que é. Portanto, Ferécides reformula tanto as narrativas a respeito das ações divinas como aquelas sobre o surgimento do cosmo, já não mais dependendo exclusivamente da ação dos deuses. Com esse trabalho, pretendo explicitar como o pensamento de Ferécides se insere no processo de desenvolvimento do pensamento diante do espanto do que há.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: Aristotle tells us in Metaphysics that Pherecydes did not speak everything in mythological language (1091b8), because, in his dialogue with the mythical tradition, he provides us with a cosmology that is not only marked by action gods. In his narrative about the origin of the cosmos, Pherecydes presents original divine powers generating from elements such as water, air and fire. One of these divine powers, Zás, working with love, and not as a warrior, embroidering a cloak and transforming himself into Eros to be able to acquire the generating power of everything that is. Therefore, Pherecydes reformulates both the narratives regarding divine events and those about the emergence of the cosmos, not depending exclusively on action gods. In this work I intend to explain how Ferécides’ thinking is inserted in the process of development of thought in the face of astonishment of what is.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O artigo analisa os paralelos entre os supostos fragmentos dos Oráculos de Hystaspes no livro sétimo das Instituições Divinas de Lactâncio e o Apocalipse de João, especificamente nos capítulos 11.3-12, sobre as “duas testemunhas” e 13.11-16, sobre a atuação da Besta. O artigo apresenta a bibliografia sobre a questão e as possibilidades de apropriação de temas zoroastristas por João de Patmos em seu apocalipse, principalmente no mito do combate.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The article analyzes the parallels between the supposed fragments of the Oracles of Hystaspes in the seventh book of Lactantius' Divine Institutes and the Apocalypse of John, specifically in chapters 11:3-12, on the "two witnesses" and 13:11-16, on the action of the Beast. The article presents the scholarship on the issue and the possibilities of appropriation of Zoroastrian themes by John of Patmos in his apocalypse, especially in the combat myth.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O gênero da fábula na cultura greco-romana tem raízes populares e orais, estabelecendo instigantes diálogos com tradições poéticas e filosóficas ao longo de sua história. Nosso artigo aborda duas fábulas que partilham certos elementos de uma história da criação humana: a primeira delas, escrita em grego e atribuída a Esopo, tem por título “Duas sacolas” [Πῆραι δύο]; a outra, composta em latim por Fedro, é intitulada “Sobre os vícios dos humanos” [De Vitiis Hominum]. Avançamos em bases filológicas para contextualizar historicamente cada um desses textos, a fim de sugerir os jogos de sentido estabelecidos por eles, especialmente com a tradição cínica (no primeiro caso) e com o contexto político romano (no segundo). Para isso, empreendemos uma leitura atenta a questões intertextuais e de recepção.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The fable genre in Greco-Roman culture has popular and oral roots, establishing curious dialogues with poetic and philosophical traditions throughout its history. Our article addresses two fables that share certain elements of a story of human creation: the first, written in Greek and attributed to Aesop, is entitled “Two Bags” [Πῆραι δύο]; the other, composed in Latin by Phaedrus, is entitled “On the Vices of Humans” [De Vitiis Hominum]. We advance on philological bases to contextualize in historical terms each of these texts, in order to understand the interplay of meaning established by them, especially with the Cynic tradition (in the first case) and with the Roman political context (in the second). To this end, we undertake a careful reading of intertextual and reception issues.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze Empedocles’s main doctrines in the light of his historical and cultural context. To be precise, I will attempt to show how the Agrigentum and Sicily of his time - ravaged by inter-Greek wars, infighting between the various social classes, and even indigenous Sicilians’ revolts against Greek settlers - bore witness, in his eyes, to the ever-increasing power of Strife, which was influencing the cosmos not solely on a physical level but also on a moral one. Empedocles hoped in the exit from the present cosmic cycle through the attainment of a higher condition, capable of transforming the daimones into ‘holy minds’, i.e. into entities completely imbued with Love and, for this reason, unassailable by Strife in this cosmic phase, well before the return of the sphere. In this way, Empedocles tried to found a new theology, with Love as the main deity, and a new ethical code, in opposition to traditional poems and values, which were the expression, as everything else in the world save for his On nature and Purifications, of Strife.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The argument from illusion which is also known as the argument from perceptual relativity or from conflicting appearances and sense-impressions, has occurred in many thinkers from antiquity to the present. The conclusions drawn from that argument are different from philosopher to philosopher. In Plato's Republic, the case of the crooked object when in water and similar cases show that there is a weakness in our nature within us revealed by the fact that our sight is liable to illusion and confusion. Aristotle's Protagoreans concluded that one's beliefs about whatever appears, let us say, cold or not cold is true and proceeded to a denial of the principle of contradiction. In Sextus Empiricus, it justifies a scepticism about belief and knowledge in general. In Descartes, it justifies a scepticism about the senses. In Ayer, the argument from illusion proves the existence of sense-data. My intention herewith is to show how Gorgias uses the argument from illusion treating it as related to the problems of the philosophy of perception. No attention has been paid to this issue in the literature.

Resumen en Italiano:

Riassunto: In questo contributo intendo ricostruire lo stato dell’arte concernente il papiro di Ai Khanoum, rinvenuto in Afghanistan nel 1977, che riporta il frammento di un dialogo di argomento platonico, risalente alla seconda metà del III sec. a.C. Ripercorrendo gli studi che se ne sono occupati, si portano nuovi argomenti a sostegno di alcune proposte esegetiche: viene in particolare abbracciata la teoria secondo la quale la dottrina discussa nel breve testo sarebbe da ricondurre a Senocrate; si appoggia inoltre la posizione degli studiosi che attribuiscono il frammento al perduto De philosophia aristotelico, portato probabilmente ad Ai Khanoum dal peripatetico Clearco di Soli. L’analisi si avvale inoltre di una nuova proposta di ricostruzione del testo greco, più vicina alle tracce di inchiostro visibili nelle foto dell’originale (ormai disperso), nonché di una conseguente nuova traduzione italiana che tenga conto delle particolarità e delle asperità del testo greco.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In this article, I intend to reconstruct the current state of research concerning the Ai Khanoum papyrus, found in Afghanistan in 1977, which contains a fragment of a dialogue on a Platonic subject dating from the second half of the 3rd century BCE. By reviewing existing studies, I present new arguments in support of certain exegetical proposals. In particular, I adopt the theory that the doctrine discussed in this brief text can be traced back to Xenocrates. Additionally, I support the position of those scholars who attribute the fragment to the lost Aristotelian work De philosophia, likely brought to Ai Khanoum by the Peripatetic Clearchus of Soli. This analysis also incorporates a newly proposed reconstruction of the Greek text, which is more closely aligned with the ink traces visible in photographs of the now-lost original, as well as a subsequent new Italian translation that accounts for the peculiarities and roughness of the Greek text.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The paper analyzes some of the main testimonia concerning the relationship between Antisthenes of Athens and Plato. The testimonies on personal issues report hard tempers of both thinkers, a problematic relationship, and a (probably fictitious) moment of rupture between them. The testimonies on their philosophical controversy mainly report a deep quarrel concerning Platonic metaphysics. According to the sources, Antisthenes would have written an entire dialogue against the founder of the Academia, the Sathon, in which he ferociously criticized Plato by saying that the Ideas have no objective but only mental reality. After the explanation of the aspects of this criticism, the paper will assess whether it is possible to find in the Platonic corpus an answer to the other Socratic.

Resumen en Francês:

Résumé: Cet article traite de l’une des sources principales de l'Antiquité pour la reconstruction de la vie et des doctrines des femmes philosophes: Diogène Laërce. L'objectif est de montrer que Diogène nous présente des portraits de femmes qui méritent d’être incluses dans le canon philosophique antique et étudiées dans l’histoire de la philosophie.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This article focuses on one of the primary ancient sources for reconstructing lives and opinions of women philosophers in antiquity: Diogenes Laertius. It aims to demonstrate that Diogenes provides portraits of women wich should be included in the philosophical canon and studied as part of the history of philosophy.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: According to the dominant interpretation of the distinction between capacities that are “without-λόγος” (ἄλογοι) and capacities that are “with-λόγος” (μετὰ λόγου, Metaph. 9.2 1046a34-b2), the latter would be unique to human beings. We can find four arguments in defense of that thesis in the secondary bibliography. This article begins to mount a defense of an alternative reading of Aristotle’s theory that deals with two of these arguments. It will be succeeded by a second article that will deal with the other two arguments and present a positive argument for the alternative reading that tries to make it seem plausible - although not unassailable - in light of its own merits. According to this alternative reading, it is with the framework provided by Aristotle to explain the functioning of bidirectional capacities that we must explain the functioning of the capacity responsible for producing voluntary locomotion in all animals.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Na Antiguidade greco-romana, notadamente no bojo do pensamento filosófico, o sonho constitui a interface entre o mítico-religioso e o psíquico-racional, geralmente indicando seu lugar de intersecção. Por isso, tendem a ser beneficentes, prevendo tragédias ou inclusive permitindo a aplicação de terapias curativas; no entanto, podem remeter simplesmente às vicissitudes próprias da psique, indicando um estado de confusão e tanto do ponto de vista de um desvio ou obnubilação da razão desperta, quanto, e como seu corolário, da incapacidade de exercer o conhecimento e acessar o real. Sêneca, demonstrar-se-á aqui, é o porta-voz dessa última perspectiva.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In Greco-Roman antiquity, particularly within the realm of philosophical thought, dreams represent the interface between the mythical-religious and the psychic-rational, generally showing their point of intersection. As such, they tend to be beneficent, foreseeing tragedies or even enabling the application of healing therapies. However, they may also simply reflect the vicissitudes inherent to the psyche, indicating a state of confusion - either from the standpoint of a deviation or clouding of waking reason or, as its corollary, the inability to exercise knowledge and access reality. Seneca, as will be demonstrated here, is the spokesperson for this latter perspective.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: According to the dominant interpretation of the distinction between capacities that are “without-λόγος” (ἄλογοι) and capacities that are “with-λόγος” (μετὰ λόγου, Metaph. 9.2 1046a34-b2), the latter would be unique to human beings. We can find four arguments in defense of that thesis in the secondary bibliography. In a previous paper I dealt with two of these arguments, which I called the psychic arguments. This article deals with the other two and presents a positive argument for the alternative reading that tries to make it seem plausible - although not unassailable - in light of its own merits. According to this alternative reading, it is with the framework provided by Aristotle to explain the functioning of bidirectional capacities that we must explain the functioning of the capacity responsible for producing voluntary locomotion in all animals.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Neste artigo, apresento uma discussão historiográfica sobre o neoplatonismo árabe, analisando alguns pressupostos assumidos pelos estudiosos desde a segunda metade do século XIX. A partir das edições das obras e dos estudos subsequentes, consolidou-se a distinção entre o corpus plotiniano em árabe, o Plotiniana Arabica, e o corpus procleano em árabe, o Procleana Arabica, segundo o modo como se entendeu a relação entre os textos escritos em árabe e suas fontes gregas. Contudo, tendo em vista os estudos recentes, diferentes pressupostos e metodologias vêm sendo assumidos. Dada a complexidade da discussão, neste texto, restringir-me-ei à análise de duas obras originalmente escritas em árabe, a dizer, a Teologia de Aristóteles e o Discurso Sobre o Bem Puro, mais conhecido como Liber de Causis. O objetivo da análise que se segue é, partindo da crítica a dois pressupostos historiográficos tradicionalmente aceitos, a dizer, que as duas obras são versões de textos gregos e que contêm teorias metafísicas distintas, analisar como as abordagens recentes nos permitem uma compreensão mais unificada da natureza dos textos que compõem o corpus neoplatônico árabe. Uma das consequências da distinção entre o Plotiniana Arabica e o Procleana Arabica é engessar os textos em modelos filosóficos que são diferentes daquele encontrado nas próprias obras.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In this article, I present a historiographical debate about the Arabic Neoplatonism from some assumptions since the 19th century. From the editions of the works and the posterior studies, the distinction between the Plotinian corpus in Arabic, the Plotiniana Arabica, and the Proclean corpus, the Procleana Arabica, was consolidated, given the way in which the relationship between the texts originally written in Arabic and their Greek sources was understood. However, in view of recent studies, different assumptions and methodologies have been adopted. Given the complexity of the discussion, in this text I will restrict myself to the analysis of two works originally written in Arabic, namely The Theology of Aristotle and the Discourse on the Pure Good, known as Liber de Causis. Starting from the critique of two traditionally accepted historiographical assumptions, the aim of the following analysis is to discuss how new approaches allow us a more unified understanding of the nature of the Arabic Neoplatonic corpus. A consequence of the distinction between the Plotiniana Arabica and the Procleana Arabica is to lock the texts into philosophical models that are different from these one found in the works themselves.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Martha Nussbaum é uma das principais referências para o debate contemporâneo sobre a felicidade e o bem-estar humanos. Neste contexto, a obra de Nussbaum distingue-se, por um lado, pela sua interpretação e análise da filosofia antiga como uma terapia da alma vocacionada para o alcance da eudaimonia, e, por outro lado, pelo seu desenvolvimento, com Amartya Sen, da abordagem das capacidades, que se apresenta como um ideal de organização da sociedade, por forma a providenciar aos seres humanos um pleno desenvolvimento e florescimento. Apesar de intimamente relacionadas no seu propósito prático e transformador, estas duas visões de felicidade humana e dos meios para a alcançar divergem radicalmente, podendo até mesmo considerar-se contraditórias. Se na perspectiva da felicidade proposta pelas escolas helenísticas a eudaimonia é uma tarefa individual, alheia a e independente de qualquer florescimento social ou coletivo, para a abordagem das capacidades o florescimento social ou coletivo é a verdadeira condição de possibilidade de qualquer florescimento individual. Neste ensaio discutiremos ambas as abordagens e procuraremos mostrar como estas não só são conciliáveis como se encontram mesmo estreitamente relacionadas no pensamento de Nussbaum, constituindo duas abordagens diferentes, mas complementares ao problema do florescimento humano e da procura filosófica da felicidade.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: Martha Nussbaum is one of the main references for the contemporary debate on human happiness and well-being. Her main contributions are, on the one hand, her study and analysis of ancient philosophy as a therapy of the soul, and, on the other hand, the capabilities approach, which she developed with Amartya Sen, as an ideal for the organization of society, in order to provide human beings with full development and flourishing. Although closely related in their practical and transformative purpose, these two visions of human happiness and the means to achieve it diverge radically and can even be considered contradictory. If for the Hellenistic schools eudaimonia is an individual task, alien to and independent of any social or collective flourishing, for the capabilities approach, social or collective flourishing is the true condition of possibility for any individual flourishing. In this essay we will discuss both approaches and try to show how they are not only reconcilable but even closely related in Nussbaum's thought, constituting two different but complementary approaches to the problem of human flourishing and the philosophical pursuit of happiness.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Este trabalho discute o embate religioso entre cristãos e pagãos no século III EC a partir de um fragmento de Contra os cristãos, de Porfírio de Tiro, citado por Eusébio de Cesareia. O foco é a culpabilização dos cristãos pela crise do terceiro século, especificamente no que diz respeito à Praga de Cipriano, pandemia que assolou diversas regiões do Império e impulsionou a hostilidade contra os adeptos da fé cristã. Emprega-se a noção de ideologia como categoria de análise, tendo em vista o indissociável nexo entre aspectos materiais e espirituais da vida social.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This work discusses the religious clash between Christians and Pagans in the 3rd century CE based on a fragment of Against the Christians, by Porphyry of Tyre, cited by Eusebius of Caesarea. The focus is on blaming Christians for the Crisis of the third century, specifically in relation to the Plague of Cyprian, a pandemic that devastated several regions of the Empire and strengthened hostility against adherents of the Christian faith. The notion of ideology is used as a category of analysis, considering the inseparable nexus between material and spiritual aspects of social life.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Neste artigo, analiso três condicionais que estão presentes nos Livros E e Λ da Metafísica de Aristóteles. Os condicionais do Livro E correspondem aos trechos 1026a10-13 e 1026a29-32, ao passo que o condicional do livro Λ corresponde ao trecho 1069a36-b2. Eu considero que o modo como interpretamos as implicações desses condicionais pode gerar uma tensão no que diz respeito à natureza da filosofia primeira e seu objeto de estudo. A fim de dissipar essa possível tensão, sugiro que, para Aristóteles, o escopo da filosofia primeira não estaria restrito às coisas separadas e imóveis, e proponho, nessa perspectiva, dois modos pelos quais as substâncias sensíveis podem ser consideradas.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: In this paper, I analyze three conditionals present in Books E and Λ of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. The conditionals in Book E correspond to passages 1026a10-13 and 1026a29-32, while the conditional in Λ corresponds to passage 1069a36-b2. I consider that the way we interpret the implications of these conditionals may generate a tension regarding the nature of first philosophy and its subject. To dissipate this possible tension, I suggest that, for Aristotle, the scope of first philosophy would not be restricted to separate and immovable things, and I propose, from this perspective, two ways in which sensible substances can be considered.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo primordial determinar o lugar reservado à medicina no diálogo Filebo, de Platão. O estudo aborda, por um lado, a crítica que o filósofo faz à medicina, enquanto prática e ofício regulado por normas e procedimentos específicos, e, por outro, a maneira habilidosa com que ele recorre a algumas teorias médicas, adaptando-as para seus próprios propósitos. A primeira parte da investigação busca compreender as razões pelas quais Platão critica a medicina no Filebo, especialmente na passagem 56b1. Essa crítica, como será argumentado, está profundamente relacionada ao método da medicina. Nesse sentido, será importante destacar que, ao criticar a medicina, Platão não busca estabelecer uma rivalidade entre a filosofia e a prática médica, mas sim questionar a pretensão da medicina de se apresentar, algumas vezes, como o melhor e único modus vivendi. A segunda parte do estudo, por sua vez, se concentra em analisar as influências da medicina sobre a teoria platônica do prazer, especialmente no que diz respeito ao conceito de prazer como um processo de preenchimento. Para isso, recorre-se a textos hipocráticos, como Sobre as doenças IV, Sobre a natureza do homem e Sobre a medicina antiga. Por fim, através da comparação de termos-chave recorrentes, destacam-se as semelhanças e as diferenças entre a concepção médica e a concepção de Platão sobre o prazer.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This study aims to examine the position of medicine within the context of Plato's dialogue Philebus, focusing, on one hand, on the critique the philosopher makes of medicine as a practice and craft governed by specific norms and procedures, and, on the other, on the skillful way in which he draws upon certain medical theories, adapting them to serve his own purposes. The first part of the analysis seeks to understand the reasons behind Plato’s critique of medicine in the Philebus, especially in passage 56b1. This critique, as will be demonstrated, is closely related to the method of medicine. In this sense, it is important to highlight that, in criticizing medicine, Plato does not seek to establish a rivalry between philosophy and the medical practice, but rather to question medicine’s claim to sometimes present itself as the best and only modus vivendi. The second part of the study focuses on analyzing the influence of medicine on Plato’s theory of pleasure, particularly regarding the concept of pleasure as a process of fulfillment. To this end, Hippocratic texts such as On Diseases IV, On the Nature of Man, and On Ancient Medicine are consulted. Finally, through a comparison of recurring key terms, similarities and differences between the medical conception and Plato’s conception of pleasure are highlighted.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O artigo examina as três definições de figura no Mênon de Platão, vinculadas ao método analítico da geometria. A primeira define em termos perceptuais (cores das superfícies), útil para identificação inicial, mas insuficiente para explicações racionais. A segunda abstrai a figura como limite de sólidos, oferecendo clareza, mas viola o critério de simplicidade ao explicar algo simples por algo complexo. A terceira, implícita, define pelas linhas que a delimitam, superando as anteriores ao usar um elemento simples com poder explanatório. A ordenação das definições reflete o método analítico da geometria e o método socrático de generalizações.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: The article examines the three definitions of figure in Plato’s Meno, relating them to the analytical method of geometry. The first defines in perceptual terms (colors of surfaces), useful for initial identification but insufficient for rational explanations. The second abstracts figure as the limit of solids, offering clarity but violating the simplicity criterion by explaining something simple through something complex. The third, implicit definition, describes by the lines that delimit it, surpassing the previous ones by using a simple element with explanatory power. The ordering of the definitions reflects the analytical method of geometry and the Socratic method of generalizations.

Resumen en Francês:

Résumé: Cet article propose une relecture du passage 171a-b du Théétète de Platon à la lumière de la critique platonicienne du relativisme protagoréen. Il examine la structure et la portée de l’argument dit de l’« auto-réfutation » (peritrope), en suivant les analyses de Burnyeat et d’Erginel. L’étude montre que cet argument ne consiste pas en une contradiction logique, mais en une réfutation dialectique qui met en évidence l’impossibilité pour le relativiste de défendre rationnellement sa propre position : en admettant la vérité de l’opinion selon laquelle le relativisme est faux, il détruit la validité de sa doctrine. Cette impossibilité dialectique révèle une fragilité constitutive du relativisme : celui-ci ne peut être formulé, transmis ni soutenu sans présupposer un espace commun de discours et des critères partagés de vérité. Dans la dernière partie, une mise en parallèle sera suggérée entre l’analyse platonicienne et les phénomènes contemporains de la post-vérité et du populisme démagogique, qui reposent sur la dissolution de cet espace commun et sur la substitution des faits par des croyances. Platon apparaît ainsi non comme le défenseur d’un dogmatisme archaïque, mais comme le penseur des conditions de possibilité du désaccord rationnel et du monde commun.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This paper offers a reading of Theaetetus 171a-b in the context of Plato’s critique of Protagorean relativism. It analyses the structure and philosophical significance of the so-called “self-refutation” (peritrope) argument, following the interpretations of Burnyeat and Erginel. It aims to show that Plato’s argument is not a mere logical paradox but a dialectical refutation revealing the impossibility for the relativist to defend their own position rationally: by acknowledging the truth of the belief that relativism is false, the relativist undermines the validity of their own doctrine. This dialectical impossibility exposes a constitutive weakness of relativism, which cannot be formulated, communicated, or sustained without presupposing a shared space of discourse and common criteria of truth. The final section draws a parallel between this Platonic analysis and contemporary phenomena of post-truth and populist demagogy, both grounded in the dissolution of the common world and the replacement of facts by convictions. Plato thus appears not as the defender of archaic dogmatism but as the thinker of the very conditions of rational disagreement and a shared world.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: Apresentamos a tradução de uma passagem específica do romance Leucipe e Clitofonte, de Aquiles Tácio: a cena em que o personagem principal vai ao encontro de seu primo Clínias e recebe dele valiosos ensinamentos sobre sedução. Tal passagem nos chama a atenção por dialogar com a elegia erótica romana, especialmente com a Ars Amatoria de Ovídio e, pela sua estrutura concisa e unitária que ressoa como um pequeno conto dentro do romance. Buscamos, então, recriar em nossa tradução elementos estéticos e literários que ressoem estes aspectos, especialmente o dinamismo da narrativa, sem perder as nuances líricas - ou elegíacas - do texto.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: We presente the trnaslation of a specific passage from the novel Leucippe and Clitophon, by Achilles Tatius: the scene in which the main character goes to meet his cousin Clinias and receives from him valuable teachings on seduction. This passage draws our attention because it dialogues with Roman erotic elegy, especially Ovid's Ars Amatoria, and because of its concise, unitary structure, which resonates like a short story within the novel. We have sought to recreate in our translation aesthetic and literary elements that resonate with these elements, especially the dynamism of the narrative, without losing the lyrical - or elegiac - nuances of the text.

Resumen en Portugués:

Resumo: O presente trabalho possui dois objetivos: apresentar uma fonte recente sobre o orfismo e traduzir o texto grego para a língua portuguesa. O Palimpsesto Sin. ar. NF 66 mostra dois relatos míticos que envolvem o jovem deus Dioniso, a tentativa de retirá-lo do trono de Zeus, e um diálogo raro entre Afrodite e Perséfone. As condições do documento original e as pistas em seu conteúdo sugerem origem antiga e relevância para o campo dos estudos órficos.

Resumen en Inglés:

Abstract: This work has two objectives: to present a recent source on Orphism and to translate the Greek text into Portuguese. The Palimpsest Sin. ar. NF 66 shows two mythical narratives involving the young god Dionysus, the attempt to remove him from Zeus' throne, and a rare dialogue between Aphrodite and Persephone. The condition of the original document and clues in its content suggest ancient origins and relevance to the field of Orphic studies.