Current and alternative trends in antibacterial agents used in mammalian semen technology

Santos, Caio Sérgio; Silva, Alexandre Rodrigues

doi:10.21451/1984-3143-AR2019-0111

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Anim. Reprod. 17 (1) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2019-0111 linkcopy

Current and alternative trends in antibacterial agents used in mammalian semen technology

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The use of antibacterial substances as additives in extenders for ensuring the sanitary quality of the semen employed in reproductive biotechniques and preserving it from bacterial deterioration has been reported since the mid-twentieth century. However, the deleterious effects of these drugs on the sperm quality as well as their effectiveness in controlling bacterial growth in the preserved semen have been questioned. The aim of this review was to report the antimicrobials primarily used in the extenders added to the semen of mammals, and to present alternatives to their use. Among the various mammalian species, there is a large variation regarding the antimicrobial types added to semen extenders as cephalosporins (ceftiofur, cefdinir, eg) and quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), alone or in combination with large action spectra substances as penicillin-streptomycin and gentamicin-tylosin-lincomycin-spectinomycin. To combat problems related to bacterial resistance to these drugs, the emergence of alternatives is increasingly evident. Among these alternatives, use of physical methods as centrifugation and filtration, as well as the use of antimicrobial peptides and other substances from different origins have been highlighted for presenting antimicrobial potential.

Keywords:
antibiotic; bacteria; chilling; cryopreservation; extenders

	Antimicrobials	Concentrations	Semen diluents	Storage temperatures	Storage times	References
Bulls	Streptomycin and penicillin	100 to 1000 μg/mL or IU/mL of each	Sodium citrate-egg yolk	4,5°C	20 days	Almquist et al. (1949)
	Streptomycin and penicillin (alone or combination)	1,000 mg/mL and 1,000 IU/mL	Sodium citrate-egg yolk	-	-	Almquist (1951)
	Gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin	500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL	Tris-citric acid	-196 °C	1 day	Andrabi et al. (2001)
	Ceftiofur and tylosin	200 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL	Bioxcell CSS I and II	-145 °C	7 days	Gloria et al. (2014)
	Ofloxacin	100 μg/mL	Bioxcell CSS I and II	-145 °C	7 days	Gloria et al. (2014)
Buffaloes	Gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin	500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL	Skimmed milk based	5 °C	3 days	Akhter et al. (2008)
	Streptomycin and penicillin G	1,000 mg/mL and 1,000 IU/mL	Skimmed milk based	5 °C	3 days	Akhter et al. (2008)
	Ciprofloxacin	600 μg/mL	Tris-citric acid	-196 °C	-	Akhter et al. (2013)
	Gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin	500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL	Tris-citric acid	-196 °C	1 day	Andrabi et al. (2016)
Rams	Streptomycin and penicillin G	1,000 mg/mL and 1,000 IU/mL	Tris-glucose	-196 °C	-	Moustacas et al. (2010)
	Gentamicin	250 µg/mL	Tris-glucose	-196 °C	-	Moustacas et al. (2010)
	Cefdinir	1.0 mg/mL	Sodium citrate-fructose-egg yolk	5 °C	4 days	Azawi and Ismaeel (2012)
	Cefoperazone sodium	1.0 mg/mL	Sodium citrate-fructose-egg yolk	5 °C	4 days	Azawi and Ismaeel (2012)
Boars	Gentamicin	-	-	18°C	3 days	Mazurová and Vinter (1991)
	Gentamicin and florfenicol	100 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL	Biosolwens Plus	15 °C	10 days	Bryła and Trzcinska (2015)
	Gentamicin	250 µg/mL	Beltsvile Thowing Solution	17 °C	3 days	Waberski et al. (2019)
	Gentamicin	250 µg/mL	Androstar Premium	17 °C	3 days	Waberski et al. (2019)
	-	-	Androstar Premium *	5 °C	3 days	Waberski et al. (2019)
Stallions	Amikacin	2,500 µg/mL	Tris-egg yolk	4 °C	7 days	Arriola and Foote (1982)
	Amikacin or Ticarcillin	2,000 µg/mL	Skim milk-glucose	23 °C and 5 °C, respectively	1h and 2 days, respectively	Jasko et al. (1993)
	Gentamicin or polimixin B	100 µg/mL or 1,000 IU/mL, respectively	Skim-milk glucose	20 °C and 5 °C, respectively	8h and 2 days, respectively	Vaillancourt et al. (1993)
	Penicillin G and amikacin or Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid or Ceftiofur	1,000 IU/mL and 1,000 µg/mL or 1,000 µg/mL or 1,000 µg/mL	Skim-milk glucose	5 °C	1 day	Varner et al. (1998)
	Gentamicin	250 µg/mL	EquiPro^©	15 °C	4 days	Price et al. (2008)
	-	-	EquiPro^© *	5 °C	4 days	Price et al. (2008)
	Cefquinome	0.99 mg/mL	EquiPro^©	5 °C	2 days	Parlevliet et al. (2011)
	Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid	0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL	INRA 96^® **	5 °C	3 days	Olivieri et al. (2011)
	Penicillin G and amikacin	As supplied by the manufacturer	VDMZ	5 °C	3 days	Olivieri et al. (2011)
	Penicillin G and gentamicin	1,000 IU/mL and 1,000 mg/mL	BotuSemen^®	5 and 15 °C	1 day	Ramires Neto et al. (2015)
	Penicillin G and amikacin	1,000 IU/mL and 1,000 mg/mL	TAMU	Fresh and 5 °C	1 day	Hernández-Avilés et al. (2018)
	Meropenem	1,000 mg/mL	TAMU	Fresh and 5 °C	1 day	Hernández-Avilés et al. (2018)
	Penicillin G and amikacin	1,000 IU/mL and 1,000 mg/mL	INRA 96^®**	Fresh and 5 °C	1 day	Hernández-Avilés et al. (2019)
Dogs	Gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin	250, 50, 150 and 300 μg/ml; 500, 100, 300 and 600 μg/ml; and 1000, 200, 600 and 1200 μg/ml	Tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk	5 °C	3 days	Becher et al. (2013)
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)	Penicillin G and gentamicin	1,000 IU/mL and 100 µg/mL	PBS	16 °C	1 day	Johnston et al. (1998)
Collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)	Streptomycin and penicillin G	1,000 mg/mL and 1,000 IU/mL	Tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk	5 °C	1,5 days	Santos et al. (2019b)
Collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)	Gentamicin	70 µg/mL	Tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk	5 °C	1,5 days	Santos et al. (2019a)

Alternatives	Types	Animals	References
Antimicrobial peptides	PR-39 (proline-arginine-rich antimicrobial peptide)	Boar	Bussalleu et al. (2017)
	PBD-1 (beta defensin-1) and PBD-2 (beta defensin-2)	Boar	Puig-Timonet et al. (2018)
	ε-Polylysine	Boar	Shaoyong et al. (2019a)
Physical methods	Single-layer centrifugation (SLC)	Boar	Morrell and Wallgren (2011), Morrell et al. (2019)
	Single-layer centrifugation (SLC)	Stallion	Morrell et al. (2014), Guimarães et al. (2015)
	Microfiltration	Boar	Barone et al. (2016)
Miscellaneous substances	Royal jelly	Bull	Abd-Allah (2010)
	Aloe vera gel	Ram Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) Bull	Brito et al. (2014) Souza et al. (2016) Farias et al. (2019)
	Kojic acid	Boar	Shaoyong et al. (2019b)
	Iodine methionine	Boar	Fang et al. (2017)
	BactiBag^®	Boar	Camugli et al. (2019)
	Sodium alginate	Buffalo	Kumar et al. (2019)

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[TFN1] ^*
Antibiotic-free diluents;

[TFN2] ^**
It contains penicillin (105 μg), streptomycin (38 μg) and amphotericin B (0.315 μg) on its composition.