New perspectives and evolution of ovulation synchronization protocols in bovine females

Sales, José Nélio de Sousa; Carvalho, Laís Reis; Simões, Luiz Manoel Sousa; Lemos, Lucas Araujo; Vicente, Matheus Pedroso; Silva, Rafael Resende Rabelo; Orlandi, Luísa Oliveira; Baruselli, Pietro Sampaio; Souza, José Camisão de

doi:10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0048

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Thematic Section: 38th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society (SBTE) • Anim. Reprod. 22 (3) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0048 linkcopy

New perspectives and evolution of ovulation synchronization protocols in bovine females

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The productivity in livestock systems is related to the reproductive efficiency of herds. Over the years, strategies have been developed to improve the reproductive rates of female cattle. Initially, estrus synchronization protocols were developed, however, difficulties related to prolonged postpartum anestrus and estrus observation resulted in low conception rates in these programs. Subsequently, hormonal associations were used to synchronize ovulation and inseminate female cattle at a predetermined time, eliminating the need for estrus observation and improving the fertility rates of cows in postpartum anestrus. Several adjustments were made to improve the response to a timed-artificial insemination (TAI) protocol in different production systems and animal categories. Finally, the development of recombinant drugs and nanotechnology may optimize production systems. Thus, the objective of this review is to detail the research carried out over the years related to the evolution of TAI protocols.

Keywords:
ovulation; estrus; synchronization; reproduction; cow

Categories	Estrus time after P4 treatment	Reference
Heifers	5 - 6 days	Christian and Casida (1948)
Cows	4.6 days - P/AI 12.5%	Trimberger and Hansel (1955)
Heifers	4 - 7 days	Willett (1950)
Heifers	5.2 days	Ulberg et al. (1951)
Heifers	60 hours - P/AI 62.2%	Heersche et al. (1979)

Reference	n	P/AI, %		P
Moreira et al. (2001)	185	36.0 (Ovsynch)	36.9 (Presynch)	> 0.05
Bello et al. (2006)	66	27.0 (Ovsynch)	50.0 (G6G)	0.08
Souza et al. (2008)	337	41.7 (Presynch)	49.7 (Double-Ovsynch)	0.03
Herlihy et al. (2012) *	778	42.3 (Presynch)	52.5 (Double-Ovsynch)	0.02
Herlihy et al. (2012) +	909	34.3 (Presynch)	40.3 (Double-Ovsynch)	0.07
Bicalho et al. (2007)	1318	36.4 (Presynch)	34.5 (Presynch + P4)	> 0.05
Silva et al. (2018)	440	39.0 (Double-Ovsynch)	40.1 (P4synch)	0.85
Consentini et al. (2021)	909	-	42.7 (Presynch P4+EC)
Consentini et al. (2025)	800	46.0 (Double-Ovsynch)	51.7 (Pre P4/E2)	0.22

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E-mail: animreprod.journal@gmail.com

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