Cortical auditory evoked potentials in individuals who stutter: a scoping review

Marques, Maria Cecilia dos Santos; Andrade, Kelly Cristina Lira de; Morais, Edna Pereira Gomes de; Menezes, Pedro de Lemos

doi:10.1590/2317-6431-2025-3086pt

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Sumário

Literature Review • Audiol., Commun. Res. 31 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2025-3086en linkcopy

Cortical auditory evoked potentials in individuals who stutter: a scoping review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Purpose To map and describe the findings regarding the performance of individuals who stutter on cortical auditory evoked potentials in the speech-language pathology clinical setting.

Research strategy This scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and registered with the OSF (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KGHXV). The search was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, SpeechBITE, OpenGrey.eu, and DissOnline, with no language or period restrictions.

Selection criteria Primary studies comparing cortical auditory evoked potentials between individuals with and without stuttering, with normal peripheral hearing, and without comorbidities were included.

Results A total of 1,516 studies were identified. After exclusions and screening, seven articles were included. The total sample consisted of 151 adults (18 to 46 years) and 202 children and adolescents (4 to 18 years). The findings suggest that individuals who stutter, especially those with more severe symptoms, tend to have higher latencies and lower amplitudes in the P1-N1-P2-N2 components, especially in the right ear. More marked changes were observed in children, indicating greater sensitivity of cortical auditory evoked potentials in this age group.

Conclusion The data suggest that cortical auditory evoked potentials may reflect alterations in central auditory processing in individuals who stutter, especially in the most severe cases.

Keywords:
Electrophysiology; Auditory evoked potentials; Stuttering; Childhood-onset fluency disorder; Adults

DATABASES	STRATEGIES	RESULT
LILACS (VHL)	#1 mh:gagueira OR (Stuttering) OR (Tartamudeo) OR (Bégaiement) OR (Paralalia Literal) OR (Pselismo) OR (Tartamudez) OR mh:C10.597.606.150.500.800.750$ OR mh:C23.888.592.604.150.500.800.750$	244
	#2 mh:"potenciais evocados" OR (potenciais evocados) OR (Evoked Potentials) OR (Potenciales Evocados) OR (Potentiels évoqués) OR (Onda N1) OR (Onda N2) OR (Onda N3) OR (Onda N4) OR (Onda P2) OR (Onda P50) OR (Potenciais Evento-Relacionados) OR (Potenciais Evocados N100) OR (Potenciais Evocados N200) OR (Potenciais Evocados N300) OR (Potenciais Evocados N400) OR (Potenciais Evocados P200) OR (Potenciais Evocados P50) OR (Potenciais Evocados P600) OR (Potencial Evento-Relacionado) OR (Potencial Evocado) OR (Potencial Evocado N100) OR (Potencial Evocado P50) OR (Potencial Relacionado ao Evento) OR (Event Related Potential) OR (Event Related Potentials) OR (Event-Related Potential) OR (Event-Related Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential) OR (Evoked Potential, N100) OR (Evoked Potential, N200) OR (Evoked Potential, N300) OR (Evoked Potential, N400) OR (Evoked Potential, P200) OR (Evoked Potential, P50) OR (Evoked Potential, P600) OR (Evoked Potentials, N100) OR (Evoked Potentials, N200) OR (Evoked Potentials, N300) OR (Evoked Potentials, N400) OR (Evoked Potentials, P200) OR (Evoked Potentials, P50) OR (Evoked Potentials, P600) OR (N1 Wave) OR (N1 Waves) OR (N100 Evoked Potential) OR (N100 Evoked Potentials) OR (N2 Wave) OR (N2 Waves) OR (N200 Evoked Potential) OR (N200 Evoked Potentials) OR (N3 Wave) OR (N3 Waves) OR (N300 Evoked) OR (Potential) OR (N300 Evoked Potentials) OR (N4 Wave) OR (N4 Waves) OR (N400 Evoked Potential) OR (N400 Evoked Potentials) OR (P2 Wave) OR (P2 Waves) OR (P200 Evoked Potential) OR (P200 Evoked Potentials) OR (P50 Evoked Potential) OR (P50 Evoked Potentials) OR (P50 Wave) OR (P50 Waves) OR (P600 Evoked Potential) OR (P600 Evoked Potentials) OR (Potential, Event Related) OR (Potential, Event-Related) OR (Potential, Evoked) OR (Potentials, Event Related) OR (Potentials, Event-Related) OR (Potentials, Evoked) OR (Potentials, N400 Evoked) OR (Related Potential, Event) OR (Related Potentials, Event) OR (Wave, N1) OR (Wave, N2) OR (Wave, N3) OR (Wave, N4) OR (Wave, P2) OR (Wave, P50) OR (Waves, N1) OR (Waves, N2) OR (Waves, N3) OR (Waves, N4) OR (Waves, P2) OR (Waves, P50) OR mh:G07.265.216.500$ OR mh:G11.561.200.500$	38,977
	#3 mh:eletrofisiologia OR (Electrophysiology) OR (Electrofisiología) OR (Électrophysiologie) OR mh:H01.158.344.528$ OR mh:H01.158.782.236$	1,135
	#4 #1 AND (#2 OR #3)	237
MEDLINE (PubMed)	#1 "Stuttering"[Mesh] OR (Stuttering, Acquired) OR (Acquired Stuttering) OR (Stammering) OR (Stuttering, Childhood) OR (Childhood Stuttering) OR (Stuttering, Developmental) OR (Developmental Stuttering) OR (Stuttering, Familial Persistent 1) OR (Stuttering, Adult) OR (Adult Stuttering)	7,113
	#2 "Evoked Potentials"[Mesh] OR (Evoked Potential) OR (Potential, Evoked) OR (Potentials, Evoked) OR (Potentials, Event-Related) OR (Event-Related Potential) OR (Potential, Event-Related) OR (Event-Related Potentials) OR (Event Related Potential) OR (Event Related Potentials) OR (Potential, Event Related) OR (Potentials, Event Related) OR (Related Potential, Event) OR (Related Potentials, Event) OR (P50 Evoked Potentials) OR (P50 Evoked Potential) OR (Evoked Potential, P50) OR (Evoked Potentials, P50) OR (P50 Wave) OR (P50 Waves) OR (Wave, P50) OR (Waves, P50) OR (N100 Evoked Potentials) OR (N100 Evoked Potential) OR (Evoked Potential, N100) OR (Evoked Potentials, N100) OR (N1 Wave) OR (N1 Waves) OR (Wave, N1) OR (Waves, N1) OR (P200 Evoked Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential, P200) OR (Evoked Potentials, P200) OR (P200 Evoked Potential) OR (P2 Wave) OR (P2 Waves) OR (Wave, P2) OR (Waves, P2) OR (N200 Evoked Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential, N200) OR (Evoked Potentials, N200) OR (N200 Evoked Potential) OR (N2 Wave) OR (N2 Waves) OR (Wave, N2) OR (Waves, N2) OR (N300 Evoked Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential, N300) OR (Evoked Potentials, N300) OR (N300 Evoked Potential) OR (N3 Wave) OR (N3 Waves) OR (Wave, N3) OR (Waves, N3) OR (N400 Evoked Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential, N400) OR (Evoked Potentials, N400) OR (N400 Evoked Potential) OR (Potentials, N400 Evoked) OR (N4 Wave) OR (N4 Waves) OR (Wave, N4) OR (Waves, N4) OR (P600 Evoked Potentials) OR (Evoked Potential, P600) OR (Evoked Potentials, P600) OR (P600 Evoked Potential)	206,034
	#3 "Electrophysiology"[Mesh]	81,614
	#1 AND (#2 OR #3)	119

Author, year, country	Sample	Age, sex	Severity of stuttering	Electrode placement	Stimulus	Paradigm	Components
Khaled et al. (2023) Egypt	80 (40 CG; 40 SG)	SG 18-45 years old average 27 years 7 months 28 male participants 12 female participants CG 18-55 years old average 29 years 8 months 22 male participants 18 female participants	SSI-3: Very mild (n = 10) Mild (n = 19) Moderate (n = 11)	NI	Tone Burst 20 dB above the threshold Total 500 sweeps V - 1.1 per second	NI	N1, P2
Elhakeem et al. (2023) Egypt	80 (40 - CG 40 – SG)	SG 6-12 years average 8 years 17 months 29 male participants 11 female participants CG 6-12 years average 8 years 07 months 28 male participants 12 female participants	NI	Fpz; Cz Reference - tip of the nose	Tone Burst 60 dB Window - 630 ms	NI	P1, N1, P2, N2
Prestes et al. (2017) Brazil	41 (21 CG; 20 SG)	18-46 years old ± 30 years	SSI-3: mild to moderate	Fpz; Cz; A1 and A2	Tone Burst 70 dB 1 kHz (frequent), 2 kHz (rare) Total 3,000 sweeps V - 1.1 per second Window – 600 ms	Oddball 80/20	N1, P2, N2
Ismail et al. (2017) Egypt	60 (30 - CG 30 – SG)	8-18 years average 12 years 8 months 23 male participants 7 female participants (in both groups)	Bloodstein Scale: Bloodstein I (n = 3) Bloodstein II (n = 4) Bloodstein III (n = 16) Bloodstein IV (n = 7)	NI	Speech 70 dB	NI	P1, N1, P2, N2
Regaçone et al. (2015) Brazil	34 -13 CG Children and 13 SG; 4 adults CG and 4 adults SG	7–31 years	SSI-3 Very Mild	Fpz; Cz; A1 and A2	Tone Burst 750 Hz (frequent), 1 kHz (rare); V- 1.1 per second Window – 500 ms	Oddball 80/20	N1, P2, N2
Kaganovich ; Hampton; Weber-Fox (2010) USA	36 (18 CG; 18 SG)	4-5: average 4 years 10 months SG 13 male participants 5 female participants CG 12 male participants 6 female participants	The severity of the stuttering was rated as 2 or higher on an eight-point severity scale by their parents or a speech-language pathologist	32 electrodes: FZ, FCZ, CZ, CPZ, PZ, OZ; medial lateral sites FP1/FP2, F3/F4, FC3/FC4, C3/C4, CP3/CP4, P3/P4, O1/O2; and lateral sites F7/F8, FT7/FT8, T7/T8, TP7/TP8, P7/P8	Pure tone 1 kHz (frequent), and 2 kHz (rare); Total 608 sweeps Window - 1100 ms	Oddball 80/20	P1, N1
Hampton; Weber-Fox (2008) USA	22 (11 CG; 11 SG)	25 and 45 years old 16 male participants 6 female participants	NI	FZ, FCZ, CZ, CPZ, PZ, OZ, medial lateral sites FP1/FP2, F3/F4, FC3/FC4, C3/C4, CP3/CP4, P3/P4, O1/O2 and lateral sites F7/F8, FT7/FT8, T7/T8, TP7/TP8, P7/P8	Pure tone 1 kHz (frequent), and 2 kHz (rare) rare Total 900 sweeps	Oddball 80/20	N1, P2

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[1] Caption: VHL = Virtual Health Library