DNA damage in an estuarine fish inhabiting the vicinity of a major Brazilian port

ALMEIDA, SOLANGE F.; BELFORT, MARTA R.C.; CUTRIM, MARCO V.J.; CARVALHO-COSTA, LUIS F.; PEREIRA, SILMA R.F.; LUVIZOTTO-SANTOS, RICARDO

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120190652

person SOLANGE F. ALMEIDA

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0002-8122-5003

person MARTA R.C. BELFORT

schoolCurso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0003-4283-7805

person MARCO V.J. CUTRIM

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0002-7442-2121

person LUIS F. CARVALHO-COSTA

schoolUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0002-9590-1797

person SILMA R.F. PEREIRA

schoolUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0003-1718-833X

person RICARDO LUVIZOTTO-SANTOS

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Dom Delgado, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil

0000-0002-3828-8930

Correspondence to: Luis Fernando Carvalho-Costa E-mail: lfecc@yahoo.com.br

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conception and design: L.F.C.C., S.R.F.P. and R.L.S.Sample collection and/or experiments: S.F.A. and M.R.C.B.Chemical and physical analyses of water and sediment: M.V.J.C and R.L.S. Data analyses and interpretation: S.F.A., M.R.C.B., M.V.J.C., L.F.C.C., S.R.F.P. and R.L.S. Manuscript writing: S.F.A., L.F.C.C. and R.L.S. Manuscript editing: M.V.J.C., L.F.C.C., S.R.F.P. and R.L.S. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1 Sampling sites for Sciades herzbergii in Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. L1 = reference site (Pau Deitado) distant from ports and urban centers/industries; L2 = Irinema Pequeno Stream at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex (Map by Diego Campos).

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Figure 2 Mean (with standard deviation) damage scores (comet assay) for Sciades herzbergii from Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. Above: between-localities analysis by season. Below: between-seasons analysis by locality. L1: reference site distant from ports and urban centers/industries; L2 = Irinema Pequeno Stream at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between means (Above left: t-test, p<0.05; above right: Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05. Below left: Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05; below right: t-test, p<0.05).

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Figure 3 Mean (with standard deviation) frequencies (‰) of erythrocytes containing micronuclei in Sciades herzbergii. Above: between-localities analysis by season. Below: between-seasons analysis by locality. L1: reference site distant from ports and urban centers/industries; L2 = Irinema Pequeno Stream at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between means (Above left: Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05; Above right: t-test, p<0.05. Below left: t-test, p<0.05; below right: Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05).

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Table I Physical and chemical characterization of surface water at the reference site, distant from ports and urban centers/industries, and at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex in Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil (dry and rainy seasons, 2015).

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Table II Chemical analyses (concentration in mg/L) of water at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex in Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil (dry and rainy seasons, 2015), compared to the Brazilian environmental legislation (CONAMA-Brazilian National Environmental Council, Resolution 357/05, class 1 brackish water).

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Table III Nucleoid class frequencies and DNA damage scores (comet assay) on erythrocytes from Sciades herzbergii (Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil) at the reference site, distant from ports and urban centers/industries, and at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex (IPC) (dry and rainy seasons, 2015; n = 20 per site/season, except IPC dry season where n= 10). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between means (rainy season: t-test, p < 0.05; dry season: Mann-Whitney-test, p < 0.05).

Season/Location	pH	Salinity (g/kg)	Temperature (ºC)	Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)	Conductivity mS/cm
Rainy
L1	7.47	8.44	24.97	6.24	14.54
L2	8.08	24.82	28.37	5.12	39.17
Dry
L1	7.30	39.21	28.60	3.71	58.86
L2	7.70	37.36	29.31	4.41	56.40

Chemicals	LQ^a	Rainy	Dry	Upper limits CONAMA^c
Copper (Cu)	0.005	<0.005	<0.005	-^d
Dissolved copper	0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.005
Iron (Fe)	0.01	1.92	0.935	-
Dissolved iron	0.01	0.0186	0.0926	0.30
Manganese (Mn)	0.01	0.0985	0.0156	0.10
Níckel (Ni)	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.025
Dissolved Aluminun (Al)	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.10
Arsenic (As)	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.01
Boron (B)	0.01	2.82	n.d^b	0.50
Cadmiun (Cd)	0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.005
Lead (Pb)	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.01
Residual Chlorine (Cl)	0.01	0.47	n.d	0.01
Chromium (Cr)	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.05
Total Phosphorus (P)	0.02	0.18	n.d	0.124
Mercury (Hg)	0.000075	<0.00007	<0.00007	0.0002
Zinc (Zn)	0.01	0.519	< 0.01	0.09

	Classes (%)					Scores
Season/sampling sites	0	1	2	3	4	Mean ± SD
Rainy
L1	77.3	20.7	1.5	0.3	0.2	0.25 ± 0.22 ^a
L2	62.0	35.7	2.1	0.2	0.0	0.40 ± 0.25 ^b
						p = 0.0497
Dry
L1	85.0	13.4	1.2	0.3	0.1	0.17 ± 0.19 ^a
L2	9.6	32.5	46.3	5.9	5.7	1.65 ± 0.53 ^b*
						p < 0.0001

[tfnI] L1: Pau Deitado or reference site distant from ports and urban centers/industries; L2: Irinema Pequeno Stream at the vicinity of the Itaqui Port Complex.