Use of homeopathic products in pigs feed improves the percentage, quality and marbling of meat

LIMA, ARLENE S.; CARVALHO, PAULO LEVI DE OLIVEIRA; SANTOS, GLEICIANNY DE BRITO; GENOVA, JANSLLER LUIZ; SANTOS, LILIANA B.A. DOS; MITTANCK, RICARDO S.; MARTINS, JULIANA S.; OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, GREGÓRIO MURILO DE

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320190284

person ARLENE S. LIMA

conception and design of the study · data collection · date interpretation · writing of the manuscript

schoolUniversidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil

0000-0002-1457-6129

person PAULO LEVI DE OLIVEIRA CARVALHO

conception and design of the study · date interpretation · critical review of intellectual content

schoolUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil

0000-0001-9273-3209

person GLEICIANNY DE BRITO SANTOS

data collection · laboratory analysis

schoolUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, s/n, Ondina, 40170-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil

0000-0003-3867-6623

person JANSLLER LUIZ GENOVA

design of the study · data collection · date analysis · critical review of intellectual content

schoolUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil

0000-0002-8000-2166

person LILIANA B.A. DOS SANTOS

data collection · laboratory analysis

schoolUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil

0000-0002-6203-6274

person RICARDO S. MITTANCK

data collection · laboratory analysis

schoolUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil

0009-0000-4515-2719

person JULIANA S. MARTINS

data collection · laboratory analysis

schoolUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil

0000-0002-7525-1205

person GREGÓRIO MURILO DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR

conception and design of the study · date interpretation · critical review of intellectual content

schoolUniversidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil

0000-0001-7391-272X

Correspondence to: Jansller Luiz Genova E-mail:
jansllerg@gmail.com

Ingredients (%)	GROW I		GROW II		FINISH I		FINISH II
Ingredients (%)	C ¹	HP ²	C ¹	HP ²	C ¹	HP ²	C ¹	HP ²
Ground corn (7.88%)	66.25	66.25	69.53	69.54	74.88	74.89	81.61	81.61
Soybean meal (45.22%)	28.79	28.79	26.33	26.33	21.23	21.23	15.82	15.82
Dicalcium phosphate	1.44	1.44	1.207	1.207	1.170	1.170	0.799	0.799
Homeopathic products	-	0.600	-	0.600	-	0.600	-	0.500
Limestone calcitic	0.815	0.214	0.727	0.125	0.703	0.101	0.583	0.073
Soybean oil	0.804	0.803	0.520	0.520	0.251	0.250	0.000	0.000
Lysine sulfate (55%)	0.632	0.632	0.537	0.537	0.697	0.697	0.367	0.367
DL-methionine (99.5%)	0.182	0.193	0.136	0.136	0.139	0.139	0.029	0.029
L-threonine (96.8%)	0.167	0.167	0.124	0.124	0.154	0.154	0.041	0.041
L-tryptophan (99%)	0.016	0.016	0.091	0.091	0.021	0.021	0.005	0.005
Premix min. - vit.³ , ⁴	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.400	0.400
Common salt	0.390	0.390	0.364	0.364	0.337	0.337	0.329	0.329
Tiamulin	0.010	0.010	0.011	0.011	0.010	0.010	0.011	0.011
Calculated composition
Crude protein (%)	19.00	19.00	18.00	18.00	16.20	16.20	13.93	13.93
Metaboliz. energy (kcal/kg)	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230
Total calcium (%)	0.747	0.747	0.653	0.653	0.624	0.624	0.474	0.474
Available phosphorus (%)	0.369	0.369	0.323	0.323	0.308	0.308	0.231	0.231
Sodium (%)	0.180	0.180	0.170	0.170	0.160	0.160	0.150	0.150
Digestible lysine (%)	1.196	1.196	1.087	1.087	1.000	1.000	0.748	0.748
Digestible met + cyst (%)	0.706	0.706	0.641	0.641	0.600	0.600	0.449	0.449
Digestible threonine (%)	0.777	0.777	0.707	0.707	0.670	0.670	0.501	0.501
Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.215	0.215	0.196	0.196	0.180	0.180	0.135	0.135

Variables	Treatments		CV (%)¹	P-value²
Variables	Control	Homeopathy	CV (%)¹
Growing phase (30 to 70 kg)
Initial body weight (kg)	30.93	30.88	-	-
Final body weight (kg)	67.50	69.42	3.60	0.10
Average daily feed intake (kg/day)	1.71	1.75	3.93	0.15
Average daily body weight gain (kg/day)	0.88	0.93	6.14	0.07
Feed conversion ratio (kg/kg)	1.94	1.90	6.06	0.32
Finishing phase (70 to 136 kg)
Final body weight (kg)	133.93	136.92	3.30	0.15
Average daily feed intake (kg/day)	2.90	2.86	7.08	0.70
Average daily body weight gain (kg/day)	1.21	1.19	8.75	0.65
Feed conversion ratio (kg/kg)	2.40	2.33	7.63	0.38
Total period (30 to 136 kg)
Average daily feed intake (kg/day)	2.37	2.37	4.92	0.99
Average daily body weight gain (kg/day)	1.06	1.09	3.87	0.14
Feed conversion ratio (kg/kg)	2.24	2.17	4.73	0.20

Variables	Treatments		CV (%)¹	P-value²
Variables	Control	Homeopathy	CV (%)¹
Growing phase (30 to 70 kg)
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	36.12	31.08	48.92	0.35
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	27.17	29.04	18.98	0.28
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	18.76	20.06	28.40	0.47
Finishing phase (70 to 136 kg)
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	36.94	29.29	45.76	0.08
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	39.04	40.21	33.32	0.78
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	19.80	20.78	32.05	0.64

Variables	Treatments		CV (%)¹	P-value²
Variables	Control	Homeopathy	CV (%)¹	P-value²
Growing phase (30 to 69 kg)
Dry matter (%)	85.10	79.32	2.84	<0.01
Crude protein (%)	82.73	75.54	4.08	<0.01
Organic matter (%)	88.07	83.39	3.71	<0.01
Ethereal extract (%)	39.97	28.89	36.87	0.07
Neutral detergent fiber (%)	93.40	90.68	2.08	0.01
Acid detergent fiber (%)	87.52	81.84	4.92	0.01
Gross energy (%)	84.88	79.13	3.08	<0.01
AIA-diet (%)	1.08	1.58	0.00	<0.01
AIA-feces (%)	7.14	7.76	17.56	0.30
Gross energy (kcal/kg)	4469.02	4447.50	2.00	0.60
Apparent digestible energy (kcal/kg)	3551.16	3341.01	4.98	<0.01
Finishing phase (70 to 135 kg)
Dry matter (%)	86.42	84.05	0.74	<0.01
Crude protein (%)	82.70	77.73	2.05	<0.01
Organic matter (%)	89.40	87.31	1.35	0.06
Ethereal extract (%)	65.60	67.52	7.97	0.46
Neutral detergent fiber (%)	89.74	87.89	1.15	0.01
Acid detergent fiber (%)	79.74	74.59	3.10	0.01
Gross energy (%)	86.19	84.02	0.95	<0.01
AIA-diet (%)	1.23	1.40	0.00	<0.01
AIA-feces (%)	8.10	8.35	26.14	0.81
Gross energy (kcal/kg)	4239.85	4275.75	2.18	0.43
Apparent digestible energy (kcal/kg)	3416.00	3406.70	0.90	0.99

Variables	Treatments		CV (%)¹	P-value²
	Control	Homeopathy	CV (%)¹	P-value²
Quantitative parameters
Hot carcass weight (kg)	95.85	96.73	5.09	0.63
Carcass yield (kg)	71.07	70.88	4.82	0.88
Muscle depth (mm)	60.33	61.60	7.69	0.46
Meat amount (kg)	57.49	60.19	6.30	0.05
Meat percentage (%)	60.03	62.22	4.61	0.04
Backfat thickness (mm)	16.48	16.05	26.18	0.78
Loin eye area (cm²)	40.12	44.85	22.60	0.19
Qualitative parameters
Post-mortem pH	5.87	5.91	3.89	0.68
Muscle pH 24 h after post-mortem	5.53	5.65	3.99	0.16
Post-mortem temperature (ºC)	8.89	8.62	9.58	0.38
Temperature 24 h after post-mortem (ºC)	12.34	11.68	19.59	0.44
Marbling	2.74	3.67	36.53	0.04
Liquid loss by dripping (%)	5.21	5.23	41.01	0.98
Liquid loss by thawing (%)	4.94	5.10	50.62	0.86
Liquid loss by cooking (%)	36.69	36.55	19.44	0.96
Shear force (kgf)	3.83	3.50	25.30	0.33
Luminosity - L	53.94	53.94	7.13	1.00
Saturation - a	5.19	6.14	22.44	0.29
Tone - b	5.67	6.16	26.30	0.97
Chroma	8.05	8.42	22.65	0.60

[tfnI] ¹ Diet control; ² Diet with homeopathic products; ³ Premix mineral-vitamin of growing (per kg of the product): calcium (min) 6000 (max) 10000 mg; biotin (min) 0.08 mg; humidity (max) 130 g; mineral matter (max) 55 g; lysine (min) 7.20 g; methionine (min) 2.07 g; tryptophan (min) 0.45 g; iron (min) 75 mg; sodium (min) 2 g; phosphorus (min) 3000 mg; copper (min) 62.5 mg; choline (min) 120.60 mg; manganese (min) 37.20 mg; niacin (min) 20.85 mg; selenium (min) 0.27 mg; vitamin A (min) 7,080.00 IU; vitamin B ₁ (min) 0.95 mg; vitamin B ₂ (min) 4.25 mg; vitamin B ₆ (min) 1.80 mg; vitamin B ₁₂ (min) 20.80 mcg; vitamin D ₃ (min) 1,400.00 IU; vitamin E (min) 50.25 IU; vitamin K ₃ (min) 2.30 mg; iodine (min) 1.50 mg; threonine (min) 2.05 g; zinc (min) 90.00 mg; pantothenic acid (min) 9.50; mg; halquinol (min) 120.00 mg; crude protein (min) 165 mg; ethereal extract (min) 30 g; folic acid (min) 0.30 mg; crude fiber (max) 35 g; antioxidant additive (min) 6.30 mg; bentonite (min) 1.0 g. ⁴ Premix mineral-vitamin of finishing (per kg of the product): calcium (min) 6 (max) 7.5 g; biotin (min) 0.09 mg; humidity (max) 130 g; mineral matter (max) 55 g; iron (min) 75 mg; sodium (min) 2.0 g; lysine (min) 7.70 g; methionine (min) 2.05 g; phosphorus (min) g; copper (min) 3,000.00 mg; choline (min) 120.50 mg; manganese (min) 37.20 mg; niacin (min) 22 mg; halquinol (min) 120.00 mg; selenium (min) 0.27 mg; vitamin A (min) 7,080.00; vitamin B ₁ (min) 0.95 mg; vitamin B ₂ (min) 4.25 mg; vitamin B ₆ (min) 1.80 mg; vitamin B ₁₂ (min) 20.80 mcg; vitamin D ₃ (min) 1,400.00 IU; vitamin E (min) 50.25 IU; vitamin K ₃ (min) 2.30 mg; iodine (min) 1.50 mg; additive.