Porcupine gnaw marks on a Late Pliocene bone from the Upper Siwaliks exposed near Village Khetpurali (Haryana, India)

KAUR, JAGJEET; PATNAIK, RAJEEV; SINGH, BAHADUR; KRISHAN, KEWAL

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920170910

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Earth Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 91 (01) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920170910 linkcopy

Porcupine gnaw marks on a Late Pliocene bone from the Upper Siwaliks exposed near Village Khetpurali (Haryana, India)

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Abstract:Bone accumulation by porcupines at archaeological sites is well known. However, in paleontological sites such a taphonomical occurrence is rather rare. We here report porcupine (Hystrix sp.) gnaw marks on an unidentified bone fragment, dated to ~2.6 Ma from the Upper Siwalik deposits exposed near Khetpurali (Haryana), India. The present gnaw marks are very distinct and are characterized by visible edges and grooves making clear broad and shallow furrows. The present find adds to our knowledge of Siwalik vertebrate taphonomy where most of the accumulations reported earlier were either fluvial or made by carnivores.

Key words
porcupine; gnaw marks; Upper Siwalik; taphonomy

S. No.	Specimen type/species	Context	Site	Age	Country	Reference
1	Unidentified bone fragments	Fossil Site	Crevillente 2 Province of Alicante	Upper Miocene	Spain	Montoya (1990)
2	Unidentified bone fragments	Cave deposit	Ahl al Oughlam near Casablanca	Late Pliocene	Morocco	Geraads (2006)
3	Unidentified Bone fragment	Fossil site	Khetpurali village, East of Chandigarh	Late Pliocene	India	Present work
4	Unidentified bone fragments	Cave deposit	Haasgat cave in Witwatersrand Spruit	Lower Pleistocene	South Africa	Plug and Keyser 1994
5	Bone tools	Cave deposit	Gauteng Province, Drimolen	Lower Pleistocene	South Africa	Backwell and d’Ericco (2008)
6	Ceratotherium, Bovidae, and unidentified bones	Cave deposit	Fossil caves, North Atlantic (Grotte à Hominidés - GH - and Grotte des Rhinocéros - GDR - at Thomas I and Oulad Hamida 1 quarries, Casablanca)	Middle Pleistocene	Morocco	Daujeard et al. (2012)
7	Unidentified bone fragments	Cave deposit	Bailong Cave Site, Yunxi, Hubei	Middle Pleistocene	China	Xian-zhu et al. (2008)
8	Right tibia of Ursus deningeri	Cave deposit	Za Hájovnou Cave, Moravia	Middle Pleistocene	The Czech Republic	Sabol (2014)
9	Antlers or horn fragments	Cave deposit	Aurora Stratum, Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca	Lower Palaeolithic	Spain	Díez et al. (1999)
10	Carnivore teeth, Equid, Bovid and Suid cranial fragments	Cave deposit	Kalakbank, Central Transvaal	Middle stone age	South Africa	Mason et al. (1958)
11	Bone shaft fragments, Femur, glenoid fragment	Cave deposit	Post-Member 6 Infill at Sterkfonte	Middle stone age	South Africa	O’Regan et al. (2011)
12	Medium mammal shaft, Femur, Calcaneum	Cave deposit	Tel Zahara	Roman deposits	Israel	Więckowski et al. (2013)
13	Unidentified bone fragment	Cave deposit	Masai Mara National Reserve	Recent	Kenya	Pokines and Peterhans (2007)

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